DESCRIPTIVE Flashcards
the data in its original form, it is still unprocessed and unorganized
Raw data
consists of class and its frequency, each raw data value is placed in a particular class
Frequency distribution
organization of raw data in table form, using classes and frequencies
Freq. Distribution
quantitative or qualitative category
Class
number of data values contained in a specific class
Frequency
these are the limits, the upper and lower limit, of the class.
Class limit
Two main types of Freq. Distribution
Categorical and Grouped frequency distribution
used for data that can be placed in specific categories, such as nominal- or ordinal-level data
Categorical Frequency Distribution
since data is in categories, discrete classes can be used
Categorical Frequency Distribution
used to recheck if all data is tallied
ΣF or the Summation of Frequency
when the range of the data is large, the data must be grouped into classes that are more than one unit in width
Grouped Frequency Distribution
These numbers are used to separate the classes so that there are no gaps in the frequency distribution.
Class Boundaries
____________ are half a unit away from the class limits.
Class boundaries
The basic rule of thumb is that the _____________ should have the same decimal place value as the data, but the ____________ should have one additional place value and end in a 5.
class limits/ class boundaries
What is the class boundary for the class limit 31-37?
30.5-37.5
What is the class boundary for 7.8-8.8?
7.75-8.85
is found by subtracting the lower (or upper) class limit of one class from the lower (or upper) class limit of the next class.
Class width
The ____________ must have one more decimal place than the class limit
class boundaries
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
RULE 1. There should be between 5 and 20 classes
RULE 2. It is preferable but not absolutely necessary that the class width be an odd number
RULE 3. The classes must be mutually exclusive
RULE 4. The classes must be continuous
RULE 5. The classes must be exhaustive
RULE 6. The classes must be equal in width
IN CONSTRUCTING GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION, HOW MANY CLASSES SHOULD THERE BE?
between 5 and 20 classes
IN CONSTRUCTING GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION, IT IS PREFERRED THAT THE CLASS WIDTH IS A ____ NUMBER
ODD
This ensures that the midpoint of each class has the same place value as the data and the midpoint would be a whole number.
Odd number
the numeric location of the center of the class. It is obtained by adding the lower and upper boundaries and dividing by 2, or adding the lower and upper limits and dividing by 2
class midpoint Xm
class has no specific beginning value or no specific ending value.
frequency distribution with an open-ended class
distribution that shows the number of data values less than or equal to a specific value (usually an upper boundary).
cumulative frequency distribution
The values are found by adding the frequencies of the classes less than or equal to the upper class boundary of a specific class
cumulative frequency distribution
Final cumulative frequency is equal to the ______________
sum of frequencies
When the range of data is relatively small, a frequency distribution can be constructed using a single data value for each class. This type of distribution is known as ________________________
ungrouped frequency distribution.
Ungrouped frequency distribution has a class width of __ unit/s.
1
Not all data with a class width of 1 falls under the ungrouped frequency distribution. It is ungrouped if the class width is 1 and the raw data contains no ____________. But, if the raw data has 1 decimal place, the class width should be 0.1, for it to fall under the ungrouped frequency distribution.
decimal place
The purpose of ______ in statistics is to convey the data to the viewers in pictorial form.
graphs
The graphical presentations of a frequency distribution can be;
Histograms, Frequency Polygon, or Cumulative Frequency Graph (or Ogive)
Other name of Ogive
Cumulative Frequency Graph
Histograms, Frequency Polygon, or Cumulative Frequency Graph (or Ogive) are used if the distribution is for _________________
continuous quantitative data
a graph that displays the data by using contiguous vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class is 0) of various heights to represent the frequencies of the classes.
histogram
a graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. The frequencies are represented by the heights of the points.
frequency polygon
graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution.
ogive
used to visually represent how many values are below a certain upper class boundary.
Cumulative frequency graphs
represents the data by using vertical or horizontal bars whose heights or lengths represent the frequencies of the data.
Bar graphs
Histograms have bars that are close to one another, denoting that data is continuous. When the data are qualitative or categorical, __________ can be used to represent the data thus, it has spaces in between.
bar graphs
used to represent a frequency distribution for a categorical variable, and the frequencies are displayed by the heights of vertical bars, which are arranged in order from highest to lowest.
Pareto chart
represents data that occur over a specific period of time.
time series graph
A ___________________________ have two time series in one graph
compound time series graph
a circle that is divided into sections or wedges according to the percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.
Pie graph
____________ cannot be used as a substitute for pie graphs.
Bar graphs
If emphasizing the percentage or relative value of a particular category use a ___________. If after the absolute value, use _________.
pie graph/ bar graph
data plot that uses part of the data value as the stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form groups or classes.
stem and leaf plot
display can be made by using the leading digit as the _____ and the trailing digit as the ______
stem/ leaf
give a visual representation that enables readers to analyze and interpret data more easily than they could simply by looking at numbers.
Graphs
