Intro to Endocrinology Flashcards
Intracrine
active principals act in the same cell that they are produced
example of intracrin
reproductive cells
granule cells in ovary follicles
autocrine
active principles act on same cells that they are secured from
example of autocrine
hormone X from Cell A acts on cell a
paracrine
active principals act on adjacent cells from where they’re secreted
example of paracrine
in pancreas with somatostatin - regulates glucagon + insulin
neurocrine
active principles released from axons and function on dendrites
example of neurocrine
neurotransmitters!
endocrine
hormones produced in certain cells and function on distant target cells
example of endocrine
substance is released from glands
endocrinology
study of glands that secrete substances internally - usually in the blood
hormones
o Secreted in trace amounts from within an organism
o Transported usually via blood, to a specific site
o Not an energy source
o Act to regulate reactions in order to bring about an appropriate response
Sources of hormones - head
pineal gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Sources of hormones - neck
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
Sources of hormones - abdomen
pancreas adrenal gut gonad liver kidney
Sources of hormones - three other main ones
skin
heart
fat cells
chemistry of hormones 3 main classes!!!
tyrosine derivatives
lipids
peptides
tyrosine derivatives - 2 classes
- catecholamines - like DA,NE,E
2. thyroid hormones
lipids include the
steroids
steroids are all made from what molecule?
cholesterol
what are examples of steroid hormones derived from cholesteral?
estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone, testostre,
what’s a steroid hormone involved with calcium?
vit. D
what is a steroid hormone derived from arachidonic acid?
prostaglandins
what are some peptide hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary?
TRH, GnRH, GIH, GRH, CRH
hypothalamic releasing hormones
what is the anterior pituitary peptide?
ACTH
what are some of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones?
FSH, LH, TSH, HCG
what are the peptide hormones with the posterior pituitary?
ADH (vasopressin), Oxytocin
what are the peptide hormones that come from the pancreas?
insulin and glucagon
what are the peptide hormones that come from the GI tract?
gastrin, CCK, secretin, IGF-1,
what is the peptide hormone that comes from the parathyroid gland?
parathrormone
what peptide hormone comes from the heart?
atrial naturetic hormone
what is the peptide hormone that comes from fat cells??
leptin
what kind of hormone is calcitonin?
peptide
3 types of action that hormones can have
- alter transport processes
- alter genetic activity
- alter enzyme activity
an example of altering transport processes - insulin
insulin stimulates glucose transport in seconds
insulin effects glucose transport in what type of cells ? (2)
fat and muscle
insulin is a mitogenic hormone, which means??
it stimulates cell division
an example of altering genetic activity - estrogen stimulates mRNA for what receptor?
for the progesterone receptor in endometrial cells
estrogen priming is
the fact that cells won’t respond to progesterone unless they have seen estrogen first
three types of responses from hormones
direct
permissive
synergistic
direct response is
like insulin stimulates glucose transport
permissive responses are like
cortisol allows epic to stimulate glycogenolysis
basically one hormone allow the other hormone to work
synergistic responses are when
2 hormones are working together to get one response
like PRL + insulin + cortisol are needed to stimulate milk formation
hormone response depends on 3 things
- where the receptors are expressed
- how many of the receptors are expressed
- hormone concentration present
what hormones have receptors intracellular?? (3)
steroids
vit. D
T3
what hormones have cells extracellularly?(2)
- peptides
2. catecholamines
extracellular receptor example - channel receptors like
calcium or sodium
extracellular receptor example - tyrosine kinase like
insulin
extracellular receptor example - cytokines like
PRL, GH, leptin, gherkin, EPO
extracellular receptor example - g-protein associated receptors are
serpentine receptors
calcium ions do what to membrane permeability?
they increase membrane permeability
what is a bioassay?
something used to measure hormone concentrations in your blood
receptors behave like what?
like antiboides
hormone response depend on 2 things
# of receptor # of hormone molecules
characteristics of receptors for hormones
saturable strict specificity high affinity Kd reversibility biological actions parallel binding
up regulation is the
increase in number of receptors
down regulation is the
decrease in number of receptors
serpentine receptors go through the membrane how many times? what are they the receptors for?
7 times; catecholamines (some peptides)
