Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomical Science Exam 3 > Intro to anatomy, radiology, neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to anatomy, radiology, neuroanatomy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

A

concentric- shortening
isometric- static
eccentric- lengthening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are surface landmarks important?

A

-localize deeper structures
-muscle attachments
-detect asymmetries
-describe location of injury
-locate pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a frontal plane?

A

divides body into anterior and posterior parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Supine is ____

A

lying face up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a sagittal plane?

A

divides body into right and left (midsagittal divides directly in half)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prone is _____

A

lying face down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

radiation with sufficient energy to cause ionization of atom or molecule (ie strong enough to damage an atom or molecule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the difference between radiolucent and radiopaque?

A

radiolucent appears black (air)
radiopaque appears white (metal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a transverse plane?

A

divides body into superior and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what determines how x rays penetrate?

A

density, atomic weight, higher anomic number the more radiopaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what absorbs Xays?

A

metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is superimposition that occurs with x rays?

A

structures laying on top of eachother make it harder to see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a disadvantage to xray?

A

-ionizing radiation
-limited visualization die to superimposition
-narrow grayscale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the advantages of Xray?

A

-quick
-available bedside
-cost effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is CT?

A

assembles a series of xrays to make cross sections of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is isodense? What scan uses it to describe color?

A

appears the same
ct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are advantages to CT?

A

extended grayscale
no imposition
1 scan has many consecutive images to allow the tracking of structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is hypo dense? What scan uses it to describe color?

A

appearing dark
ct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the cons to CT?

A

ionizing radiation
more expensive
requires going into a scanner
potential for contrast rxn is used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is hyperdense? What scan uses it to describe color?

A

appears light
ct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is cone beam computed tomography?

A

incorporates CT to produce #Dimages of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is contrast with imaging?

A

contrast is ingested to allow the visualization of certain structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between T1 and T2 MRI?

A

T1: highlights fat
T2: highlights water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does high signal intensity mean?

A

appears white/light on MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does intermediate signal intensity mean?

A

appears grey on MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

uses relative to reference structures
what is the difference between hypointense and hyperintense?

A

hypo darker
hyper lighter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the advantages to MRI?

A

no ionizing radiation
best to access muscles, ligaments, tendons
good for pregnancy women
1 scan many images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does low signal intensity mean?

A

appears black in MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the disadvantages to MRI?

A

motion artifact
takes a while to get scan
metal devices=dangerous
small scanner, long time in it
expensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A

Higher mental processes (thinking,
decision making, and planning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is ultrasound?

A

uses sound waves to create images within the body
(no ionizing radiation)

23
Q

what are the cons of ultrasound?

A

limited penetration
lower resolution

24
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Processes sensory information

25
Q

what does the occipital lobe do?

A

visual informaiton

26
Q

the posterior or dorsal root carries ____ information

A

sensory (has the ganglions, this is a good way to differentiate)

26
Q

What is the somatic sensory or afferent system?

A

transmits sensation of touch, pain, temp, position from sensory receptors to spinal cord

26
Q

what makes up the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla (below medulla it is called spinal cord)

26
Q

the spinal cord is _____
the spinal nerves are ____

A

CNS
PNS

27
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

auditory information

28
Q

What are the layers of meninges from superficial to deep?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

28
Q

What is the somatic NS?

A

provides sensory and motor innervation to the body parts we have voluntary control over (somatic parts of CNS and PNS)

29
Q

what is a nerve soma?

A

another word for cell body

29
Q

The anterior or ventral root carries _____ information

A

motor (motors go VMVM)

30
Q

the afferent system transmits information to the spinal cord through what?

A

dorsal root

31
Q

the autonomic nervous system is ____

A

efferent NS

32
Q

The efferent system is only in_____ and impulses go through _____

A

skeletal muscle
exit through ventral root

33
Q

Briefly describe the synapsing of symp ANS?

A

starts in thoracolumbar region, motor impulse goes out the ventral root to the sympathetic chain where its post synaptic cell is

33
Q

Motor fibers from the ANS stimulate ______

A
  • Smooth (involuntary) muscle
  • Modified cardiac muscle
  • Glandular (secretory) cells
34
Q

what is the main function of the parasympathetic NS?

A

maintain homeostasis
(rest/digest)

34
Q

What is the sympathetic NS primary function?

A

blood vessel regulation
(fight or flight)

34
Q

Where are the pre and post synaptic neuronss?

A
  • Presynaptic – cell body in CNS
  • Postsynaptic – cell body outside CNS
34
Q

In the autonomic NS the pre and post synaptic neurons?

A

– Presynaptic:
» Cell bodies in gray
matter of spinal cord
– Postsynaptic:
» Cell bodies in sympathetic
chain ganglia

35
Q

What is the origin of the autonomic system?

A

thoracolumbar region

36
Q

what is the origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

craniosacral

36
Q

What cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

A

III, VII, IX, X

37
Q

The top of the brain is the _____

A

dorsal
(ventral is bottom)

37
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within which ventricles?

A

lateral, 3rd, 4th

37
Q

where are the pre/post synaptic neurons of parasympathetic?

A

– Presynaptic:
» Cell bodies in brainstem or sacral
spinal cord
– Postsynaptic:
» Cell bodies located at effector
organ

38
Q

what does the brainstem do ?

A

regulates cardiac and respiratory function

39
Q

What does cerebellum do?

A

balance coordinated movement

40
Q

What is the difference between a gyrus, sulcus and fissure on the brain?

A

gyrus: folds
sulcus: grooves
fissures: grooves

41
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

subcortical grey matter, important for motor control

42
Q

What does the posterior column pathway sense?

A

vibration, proprioception, fine touch

42
Q

the post central gyrus is home to _____

A

primary somatosensory cortex (different parts are in charge of different parts of body)

42
Q

what are the parts of the basal nuclei? (AKA basal ganglia)

A

caudate
putamen
globulus pallidus

43
Q

The precentral gyrus is home to ______

A

primary motor cortex

44
Q

what does the anterolateral or spinothalamic pathway sense?

A

pain, temp, itch

45
Q

What does the first order neuron do?

A
  • Sensory neuron that delivers sensation to CNS
  • Cell body: Dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve
  • Synapses with second order neuron
46
Q

what does the third order neuron do?

A
  • Axon reaches appropriate sensory area of cerebral cortex
  • Cell body: Thalamus (deep brain)
  • Destination: postcentral gyrus
46
Q

What does second order neuron do?

A
  • Interneuron that decussates and ascends within column
  • Cell body: within spinal gray matter or brain stem
  • Synapses with third order
47
Q

what does the lateral motor system control?

A

movement of the extremities

48
Q

where does the descending tracts go?

A

cerebral cortex to muscle fiber (upper and lower motor neurons)

48
Q

what does the corticospinal pathway control?

A

voluntary control over skeletal muscle

49
Q

in the corticospinal pathway where is the upper motor neuron?

A

central cortex

50
Q

in the corticospinal pathway where is the lower motor neuron?

A

anterior grey horn of spinal cord

50
Q

where is the decussation of the corticospinal pathway?

A

pyramids of medulla

Anatomical Science Exam 3 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions