Intro to anatomy, radiology, neuroanatomy Flashcards
What are the three types of muscle contraction?
concentric- shortening
isometric- static
eccentric- lengthening
Why are surface landmarks important?
-localize deeper structures
-muscle attachments
-detect asymmetries
-describe location of injury
-locate pulses
What is a frontal plane?
divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Supine is ____
lying face up
what is a sagittal plane?
divides body into right and left (midsagittal divides directly in half)
Prone is _____
lying face down
What is ionizing radiation?
radiation with sufficient energy to cause ionization of atom or molecule (ie strong enough to damage an atom or molecule)
what is the difference between radiolucent and radiopaque?
radiolucent appears black (air)
radiopaque appears white (metal)
what is a transverse plane?
divides body into superior and inferior
what determines how x rays penetrate?
density, atomic weight, higher anomic number the more radiopaque
what absorbs Xays?
metals
What is superimposition that occurs with x rays?
structures laying on top of eachother make it harder to see
what is a disadvantage to xray?
-ionizing radiation
-limited visualization die to superimposition
-narrow grayscale
what are the advantages of Xray?
-quick
-available bedside
-cost effective
What is CT?
assembles a series of xrays to make cross sections of the body
what is isodense? What scan uses it to describe color?
appears the same
ct
what are advantages to CT?
extended grayscale
no imposition
1 scan has many consecutive images to allow the tracking of structures
what is hypo dense? What scan uses it to describe color?
appearing dark
ct
what are the cons to CT?
ionizing radiation
more expensive
requires going into a scanner
potential for contrast rxn is used
what is hyperdense? What scan uses it to describe color?
appears light
ct
what is cone beam computed tomography?
incorporates CT to produce #Dimages of body
What is contrast with imaging?
contrast is ingested to allow the visualization of certain structures
What is the difference between T1 and T2 MRI?
T1: highlights fat
T2: highlights water
what does high signal intensity mean?
appears white/light on MRI
what does intermediate signal intensity mean?
appears grey on MRI
uses relative to reference structures
what is the difference between hypointense and hyperintense?
hypo darker
hyper lighter
What are the advantages to MRI?
no ionizing radiation
best to access muscles, ligaments, tendons
good for pregnancy women
1 scan many images
what does low signal intensity mean?
appears black in MRI
what are the disadvantages to MRI?
motion artifact
takes a while to get scan
metal devices=dangerous
small scanner, long time in it
expensive
what does the frontal lobe do?
Higher mental processes (thinking,
decision making, and planning)
what is ultrasound?
uses sound waves to create images within the body
(no ionizing radiation)
what are the cons of ultrasound?
limited penetration
lower resolution
What does the parietal lobe do?
Processes sensory information
what does the occipital lobe do?
visual informaiton
the posterior or dorsal root carries ____ information
sensory (has the ganglions, this is a good way to differentiate)
What is the somatic sensory or afferent system?
transmits sensation of touch, pain, temp, position from sensory receptors to spinal cord
what makes up the brain stem?
midbrain, pons, medulla (below medulla it is called spinal cord)
the spinal cord is _____
the spinal nerves are ____
CNS
PNS
what does the temporal lobe do?
auditory information
What are the layers of meninges from superficial to deep?
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
What is the somatic NS?
provides sensory and motor innervation to the body parts we have voluntary control over (somatic parts of CNS and PNS)
what is a nerve soma?
another word for cell body
The anterior or ventral root carries _____ information
motor (motors go VMVM)
the afferent system transmits information to the spinal cord through what?
dorsal root
the autonomic nervous system is ____
efferent NS
The efferent system is only in_____ and impulses go through _____
skeletal muscle
exit through ventral root
Briefly describe the synapsing of symp ANS?
starts in thoracolumbar region, motor impulse goes out the ventral root to the sympathetic chain where its post synaptic cell is
Motor fibers from the ANS stimulate ______
- Smooth (involuntary) muscle
- Modified cardiac muscle
- Glandular (secretory) cells
what is the main function of the parasympathetic NS?
maintain homeostasis
(rest/digest)
What is the sympathetic NS primary function?
blood vessel regulation
(fight or flight)
Where are the pre and post synaptic neuronss?
- Presynaptic – cell body in CNS
- Postsynaptic – cell body outside CNS
In the autonomic NS the pre and post synaptic neurons?
– Presynaptic:
» Cell bodies in gray
matter of spinal cord
– Postsynaptic:
» Cell bodies in sympathetic
chain ganglia
What is the origin of the autonomic system?
thoracolumbar region
what is the origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?
craniosacral
What cranial nerves are parasympathetic?
III, VII, IX, X
The top of the brain is the _____
dorsal
(ventral is bottom)
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within which ventricles?
lateral, 3rd, 4th
where are the pre/post synaptic neurons of parasympathetic?
– Presynaptic:
» Cell bodies in brainstem or sacral
spinal cord
– Postsynaptic:
» Cell bodies located at effector
organ
what does the brainstem do ?
regulates cardiac and respiratory function
What does cerebellum do?
balance coordinated movement
What is the difference between a gyrus, sulcus and fissure on the brain?
gyrus: folds
sulcus: grooves
fissures: grooves
What is the basal nuclei?
subcortical grey matter, important for motor control
What does the posterior column pathway sense?
vibration, proprioception, fine touch
the post central gyrus is home to _____
primary somatosensory cortex (different parts are in charge of different parts of body)
what are the parts of the basal nuclei? (AKA basal ganglia)
caudate
putamen
globulus pallidus
The precentral gyrus is home to ______
primary motor cortex
what does the anterolateral or spinothalamic pathway sense?
pain, temp, itch
What does the first order neuron do?
- Sensory neuron that delivers sensation to CNS
- Cell body: Dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve
- Synapses with second order neuron
what does the third order neuron do?
- Axon reaches appropriate sensory area of cerebral cortex
- Cell body: Thalamus (deep brain)
- Destination: postcentral gyrus
What does second order neuron do?
- Interneuron that decussates and ascends within column
- Cell body: within spinal gray matter or brain stem
- Synapses with third order
what does the lateral motor system control?
movement of the extremities
where does the descending tracts go?
cerebral cortex to muscle fiber (upper and lower motor neurons)
what does the corticospinal pathway control?
voluntary control over skeletal muscle
in the corticospinal pathway where is the upper motor neuron?
central cortex
in the corticospinal pathway where is the lower motor neuron?
anterior grey horn of spinal cord
where is the decussation of the corticospinal pathway?
pyramids of medulla
