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Anatomical Science Exam 3 > Heart + Mediastinum > Flashcards

Heart + Mediastinum Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the superior and inferior boarders of the mediastinum?

A

● Superior: thoracic inlet
● Inferior: diaphragm

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2
Q

What are the anterior, posterior and lateral boarders of the mediastinum?

A

● Anterior: sternum
● Posterior: bodies of thoracic vertebrae
● Lateral: mediastinal parietal pleura

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3
Q

The mediastinum can be divided into :

A

superior and inferior mediastinum

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4
Q

the inferior mediastinum can be divided into:

A

anterior, middle and posterior

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5
Q

What is in the superior mediastinum?

A

thymus,
V: SVC, brachiocephalic vein
A: ABCS
trachea
esophagus
lymphatics
nerves: phrenic, vagus

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6
Q

What is in anterior mediastinum?

A

thumus, lymph nodes, fat

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7
Q

what is in the middle mediastinum?

A

heart, phrenic nerve

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8
Q

What is in the posterior mediastinum?

A

● Descending (Thoracic) aorta
● Azygos system of veins
● Thoracic duct
● Esophagus
● Sympathetic (parasympathetic) nerves

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9
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

growth through childhood, then site for T lymphocyte development (tumor on it could effect facial and eye muscles)

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10
Q

what are the great vessels of the superior mediasteinum?

A

-R/L brachiocephalic vein
-Aortic arch and branches
–Brachiocephalic artery
–Left common carotid artery
–Left subclavian artery

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11
Q

The trachea ends at the level of
the_________ by dividing into
the right and left main bronchi

A

sternal angle

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12
Q

the majority of the heart is on which side of the body?

A

left

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13
Q

the anterior surface of the heart is made up mostly of

A

right ventricle

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14
Q

the visceral pericardium is the same as the ____

A

epicardium

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15
Q

what is the layers of the pericardium?

A

● Fibrous pericardium
● Serous pericardium
-Parietal layer
-Visceral layer (deepest)

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16
Q

pulmonary veins carry what where?

A

oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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17
Q

where does the apex of the heart lie?

A

Lies posterior to the left 5th
intercostal space,
approximately 9 cm from the
median plane

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18
Q

where can you best hear the sound of the mitral value closing?

A

closest to the apex

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19
Q

How can you tell if someone has an enlarged heart?

A

you wont hear mitral valve in correct spot

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20
Q

where is the base of the heart and what forms it?

A

posterior aspect
Formed mainly by the left atrium, with lesser contributions by the right atrium

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21
Q

what great veins are found on the base of the heart?

A

 Pulmonary veins (PV)
 Superior vena cava (SVC)
 Inferior vena cava (IVC)

22
Q

the right atrium receives blood from?

A

SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus

23
Q

right atrium Has a ________ which allows the discharge of blood into the right ventricle

A

right AV orifice (mitral valvue)

24
Q

What muscles are in the right ventricle?

A

–trabeculae carneae (muscular elevations)
–Papillary muscles (prevent tricuspid valve from prolapsing)

25
Q

what is the difference between the posterior and anterior walls of the right atrium?

A

● Posterior wall is smooth and contains openings for blood return
● Anterior wall is rough and composed of
pectinate mm

26
Q

what do the chordae tendineae do?

A

arise from papillary muscles and attach to the free edges of the cusps

27
Q

what valve connects the right atrium and ventricle, what valve connects the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?

A

tricuspid
pulmonary SEMILUNAR valve

28
Q

where is pectinate mm found?

A

both atria

28
Q

what drains into the left atria?

A

four pulmonary veins

28
Q

what is unique about the left ventricle and why does it have this feature?

A

2-3x thicker, covered with trabeculae carneae, papillary mm
are larger to pump blood to the rest of the body

29
Q

what connects the left atrium to left ventricle and what connects the left ventricle to the aorta?

A

left AV orifice (or mitral or bicuspid valve)
aortic semilunar valve

30
Q

where the pulmonary semilunar valve audible?

A

2nd left intercostal space

31
Q

where the aortic semilunar valve audible?

A

2nd right intercostal space

31
Q

where the tricuspid valve audible?

A

4th/5th left intercostal space

31
Q

where the mitral valve audible?

A

5th left intercostal space

32
Q

what is infective endocarditis?

A

● Microbial invasion of heart valves or endocardium with destruction of cardiac tissue.
● Bacteria associated with infective endocarditis originate from the oral cavity in 26–45% of cases

33
Q

What supplies the heart itself with blood and where do they come from?

A

coronary arteries
first branches off the aorta

34
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

clot or clog in coronary arteries causes decrease in blood flow to heart and necrosis of heart tissue (since heart tissue does not regenerate)

35
Q

what is the path of the conducting system of the heart?

A

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Right & Left bundle branches →Purkinje fibers

36
Q

The heart is supplied by autonomic nerve fibers from the _______

A

cardiac plexus

37
Q

The cardiac plexus has which fibers?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral afferent

38
Q

What are some examples of cardiac referred pain?

A

● Visceral organs are insensitive to incisions, temperature, and touch
● They are sensitive to distension and ischemia
● Visceral sensory nerves travel through the sympathetic chain and enter the spinal cord at T1-4

39
Q

Where does the descending aorta begin?

A

left side of T4 vertebra, descends on the left sides of the T5– T12 vertebrae
● Enters the abdomen through the aortic hiatus

40
Q

what do the azygos and hemiazygos veins drain?

A

● Azygos: drains intercostal spaces on the right side
● Hemiazygos: drains intercostal spaces on left side
–BOTH Empties into SVC

41
Q

what does the thoracic duct do?

A

Conveys most lymph of the body to the venous system, except that
from the right superior quadrant.

41
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

Empties into the venous system near the union of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins

42
Q

where does the thoracic duct originate?

A

cisterna chyli

43
Q

what are the three parts of the aorta?

A

cervical
thoracic
abdominal

44
Q

the vagus nerve gives what type of innervation for the organs?

A

parasympathetic

45
Q

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the ___ ____ ______, while the left RLN loops under the ___________

A

right subclavian artery
aortic arch

46
Q

What controls the heart rate?

A

ANS

47
Q

Thoracic splanchnic nerves
● ________ sympathetic fibers
● Pass through the diaphragm to synapse in _______ in the abdomen

A

Preganglionic
collateral ganglia

Anatomical Science Exam 3 (12 decks)

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