intro

Question 1

secondary metabolites are often induced by…

Answer 1

varying enviornmental conditions

Question 2

which types of metabolism are very connected?

Answer 2

1˚ and 2˚

Question 3

3 major biosynthetic pathways that are the starting points for many 2˚ metabolites:

Answer 3

shikimic acid pathway
mevalonate (isoprenoid) pathway
acetate-malonate pathway

Question 4

shikimic acid pathway starts with _____ and produces _____ and ______. the ______ leads to the production of proteins, amines, cyanides and alkoids

Answer 4

1. glycolysis/pyruvate
2. amino acids
3. aromatics
4. amino acids

Question 5

examples of alkoids

Answer 5

caffeine, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, serotonin

Question 6

acetate-malonate pathway starts with _____ and creates ______

Answer 6

acetyl CoA
polyphenolics, fatty acids

Question 7

isoprenoids form via the conversion of ____ to _______ which creates isoprenoids

Answer 7

acetyl-coA
mevalonate

Question 8

3 criteria distinguish 2˚ metabolites

Answer 8

1. restricted distribution (characteristic of specific families/species)
2. formed along biosynthetic pathways
3. considered to be helpful but non-essential to primary life processes

Question 9

biological functions of 2˚ metabolies

Answer 9

• attract pollinators
• repel predators (smell, taste, toxicity)
• act as antibiotics in plants
• reduced competition from other plant species
• detox harmful compounds
• storage products

Question 10

examples of natural products used in medicine, agriculture and industry

Answer 10

• vit E, A and D
• incecticides
• waxes and oils
• dyes
• spices and flavors
• perfumes
• pharmasuticals

Question 11

poisonous/cause illness: chamomile tea can induce _________

Answer 11

anaphylactic shock

Question 12

poisonous/cause illness: ______ have high levels of formaldehyde

Answer 12

apples

Question 13

poisonous/cause illness: peanuts contaminated with a _________

Answer 13

fungus that is carcinogenic

Question 14

poisonous/cause illness: potato peels have high levels of ________ which blocks ________

Answer 14

solanine
cholinesterase

Question 15

animals developed metabolic defenses to protect us against ________ doses of hazardous substances

Answer 15

moderate

Question 16

enviornmental stress or attacks by organisms can trigger large increases in the production of ______ _________

Answer 16

natural pesticides

Question 17

more than _______ natural products have been identified from plants but only ____ of all land-plant species have been screened

Answer 17

16,000
5-10%

Question 18

isomer definition

Answer 18

different molecules with same chemical formula

Question 19

enzymes only recognize _____ form of a __________

Answer 19

one
isomer

Question 20

only _______ are used in biology

Answer 20

L-amino acids

Question 21

stereoisomer definition

Answer 21

same bond order, different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 22

geometric stereoisomer’s have

Answer 22

different physical properties

Question 23

optical stereoisomers have

Answer 23

same physical properties, except rotation of polarized light

Question 24

traits of optical isomers:

Answer 24

• enantiomers
• optically active
• same physical properties
• same amount of rotation, just opposite directions

Question 25

enantiomers have identical chemical reactivities except in the presence of another ________ - such as an _______

Answer 25

stereoisomer enzyme

Question 26

enzymes ______ reactions that are thermodynamically and mechanistically possible

Answer 26

speed up

Question 27

enzymes lower _______ of reactions

Answer 27

kinetic barriers (Ea)

Question 28

enzyme assumptions: - each enzyme can only catalyze a _________ - each enzyme is selective to a __________ - each enzyme will only produce _________ - each enzyme only accepts one ______ - _____-_____ catalysis is key to enzyme function

Answer 28

specific reaction specific substrate one product enantiomer acid-base

Question 29

6 classes of enzymes and definition

Answer 29

1. oxidoreductases = redox 2. transferases = transfer groups (donor to acceptor) 3. hydrolases = hydrolysis 4. lyases = removal of group 5. isomerases = transform into isomer 6. ligases = join two molecules

Question 30

classes of oxidoreductases and definition

Answer 30

dehydrogenases = H is removed oxidase = O acceptor oxygenase = O added reductase = O is removed or H is added

Question 31

classes of transferases and definition

Answer 31

kinases = transfer Pi from ATP to acceptor phosphorylases = transfer glycosyl from starch to Pi aminotransferases = transfer NH2 from one compound to another methyltransferases = transfer methyl groups from one compound to another acetyltransferases = transfer acetyl groups from acetyl CoA

Question 32

classes of hydrolases and definitions

Answer 32

glycosidases = break glycosidic bonds phosphatases = break ester bonds of phosphoric acid lipases = breakdown triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids amylases = breakdown storage starch to maltose units protease = break peptide bonds

Question 33

classifications of lyases

Answer 33

decarboxylase aldolase lyase fumarase

Question 34

classes of isomerases

Answer 34

racemases epimerases mutases

Question 35

classes of ligases

Answer 35

carboxylase synthetase

Question 36

_______ ---( )---> isoprenoids

Answer 36

acetyl CoA mevlonate