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biol 439 > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

secondary metabolites are often induced by…

A

varying enviornmental conditions

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2
Q

which types of metabolism are very connected?

A

1˚ and 2˚

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3
Q

3 major biosynthetic pathways that are the starting points for many 2˚ metabolites:

A

shikimic acid pathway
mevalonate (isoprenoid) pathway
acetate-malonate pathway

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4
Q

shikimic acid pathway starts with _____ and produces _____ and ______. the ______ leads to the production of proteins, amines, cyanides and alkoids

A
  1. glycolysis/pyruvate
  2. amino acids
  3. aromatics
  4. amino acids
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5
Q

examples of alkoids

A

caffeine, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, serotonin

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6
Q

acetate-malonate pathway starts with _____ and creates ______

A

acetyl CoA
polyphenolics, fatty acids

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7
Q

isoprenoids form via the conversion of ____ to _______ which creates isoprenoids

A

acetyl-coA
mevalonate

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8
Q

3 criteria distinguish 2˚ metabolites

A
  1. restricted distribution (characteristic of specific families/species)
  2. formed along biosynthetic pathways
  3. considered to be helpful but non-essential to primary life processes
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9
Q

biological functions of 2˚ metabolies

A
  • attract pollinators
  • repel predators (smell, taste, toxicity)
  • act as antibiotics in plants
  • reduced competition from other plant species
  • detox harmful compounds
  • storage products
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10
Q

examples of natural products used in medicine, agriculture and industry

A
  • vit E, A and D
  • incecticides
  • waxes and oils
  • dyes
  • spices and flavors
  • perfumes
  • pharmasuticals
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11
Q

poisonous/cause illness: chamomile tea can induce _________

A

anaphylactic shock

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12
Q

poisonous/cause illness: ______ have high levels of formaldehyde

A

apples

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13
Q

poisonous/cause illness: peanuts contaminated with a _________

A

fungus that is carcinogenic

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14
Q

poisonous/cause illness: potato peels have high levels of ________ which blocks ________

A

solanine
cholinesterase

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15
Q

animals developed metabolic defenses to protect us against ________ doses of hazardous substances

A

moderate

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16
Q

enviornmental stress or attacks by organisms can trigger large increases in the production of ______ _________

A

natural pesticides

17
Q

more than _______ natural products have been identified from plants but only ____ of all land-plant species have been screened

A

16,000
5-10%

18
Q

isomer definition

A

different molecules with same chemical formula

19
Q

enzymes only recognize _____ form of a __________

A

one
isomer

20
Q

only _______ are used in biology

A

L-amino acids

21
Q

stereoisomer definition

A

same bond order, different arrangement of atoms in space

22
Q

geometric stereoisomer’s have

A

different physical properties

23
Q

optical stereoisomers have

A

same physical properties, except rotation of polarized light

24
Q

traits of optical isomers:

A
  • enantiomers
  • optically active
  • same physical properties
  • same amount of rotation, just opposite directions
25
Q

enantiomers have identical chemical reactivities except in the presence of another ________ - such as an _______

A

stereoisomer
enzyme

26
Q

enzymes ______ reactions that are thermodynamically and mechanistically possible

A

speed up

27
Q

enzymes lower _______ of reactions

A

kinetic barriers (Ea)

28
Q

enzyme assumptions:
- each enzyme can only catalyze a _________
- each enzyme is selective to a __________
- each enzyme will only produce _________
- each enzyme only accepts one ______
- _____-_____ catalysis is key to enzyme function

A

specific reaction
specific substrate
one product
enantiomer
acid-base

29
Q

6 classes of enzymes and definition

A
  1. oxidoreductases = redox
  2. transferases = transfer groups (donor to acceptor)
  3. hydrolases = hydrolysis
  4. lyases = removal of group
  5. isomerases = transform into isomer
  6. ligases = join two molecules
30
Q

classes of oxidoreductases and definition

A

dehydrogenases = H is removed
oxidase = O acceptor
oxygenase = O added
reductase = O is removed or H is added

31
Q

classes of transferases and definition

A

kinases = transfer Pi from ATP to acceptor

phosphorylases = transfer glycosyl from starch to Pi

aminotransferases = transfer NH2 from one compound to another

methyltransferases = transfer methyl groups from one compound to another

acetyltransferases = transfer acetyl groups from acetyl CoA

32
Q

classes of hydrolases and definitions

A

glycosidases = break glycosidic bonds

phosphatases = break ester bonds of phosphoric acid

lipases = breakdown triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids

amylases = breakdown storage starch to maltose units

protease = break peptide bonds

33
Q

classifications of lyases

A

decarboxylase
aldolase
lyase
fumarase

34
Q

classes of isomerases

A

racemases
epimerases
mutases

35
Q

classes of ligases

A

carboxylase
synthetase

36
Q

_______ —( )—> isoprenoids

A

acetyl CoA
mevlonate

biol 439 (12 decks)

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