insecticidal allelochemicals Flashcards by Ang R

allelochemicals allow for different relationships between organisms. what are they?

mutual benefit
competition

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allelochemicals upregulated by

UV radiation
day length
stress
elicitors (microbe attack)

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T/F: all allelochemicals are safe

F: most but not all

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how plants response to insect heerbivores

tolerate assult, makes difficult for herbivore, or kill herbivore
antixenosis or non-preference, tolerance and antibiosis

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plant resistance mechanisms to insect herbivores could be ______ or _______

constitutive or induced

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antibiosis definition

deleterious impact on overall well-being of insect herbivores

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antibiosis impacts through ______ _____ disruptions. can be ___ or ____

life cycle
mild or fatal

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constitutive resistance

plant has INHERITED ability to defend itself

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induced resistance

arises due to attack by herbivores, disease or abiotic factors.
made from individual life experience of that plant

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constitutive and induced resistance can be direct or indirect. what does that mean?

direct resistance - morphological traits and secondary metabolites of plants respond to insect herbivores

indirect resistance - rely on insect’s natural enemies for protection (send pheremone signal to spider that eats insect herbivore)

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herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) produced due to _____ _____ and lead to _____ resistance

insect damage
indirect resistance

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HIPVs attract ________ to reduce the ____ _____

predators
plant damage

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anti herbivore compounds are ____ metabolites and suppress _____ -______

secondary
insect-herbivores

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HIPVs divided into subgroups

nitrogen compounds including alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, terpenoids and phenols

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diversity of angiosperms in _____ period is associated with the increase in ______ of____

with evolution, selected processes resulted in defence against ___-____

this is co-evolution is in ______ and ______

Cretaceous
speciation of insects

insect herbivores

vascular plants and insects

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insect herbivores vary in their ability to ….

this speciation drives the evolution of different ____ plants and ____ plants

cope with multiple plant defense mechanisms

host plants and food plants

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plants also developed resistance mechanisms over time to…

reduce the damage caused by insects

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examples of plant response to insect herbivores (primary morphological features).

what do they do?

thorns, spikes, wax, wall thickness, etc

they disrupt movement, feeding and reproductive success of insects

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_____ herbivores cope with plant defense compounds better than ____ herbivores

specialist

generalist

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specialist herbivores are not affected by..

how are specialist insects survive plant defenses?

… defense mechanisms of host plants

developed physiological adaptations

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glucosinolates are in higher concentration of plant ______ than _____. this is why catapillars feed on the plant’s _____

flowers
leaves
flowers

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specialists have a ________ to cope with the _____ ____ of the plants

physiological adaptation
defense mechanisms

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T/F: only specialists can overcome digestibility reducers

F: specialists AND generalists can overcome digestibility reducers

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digestibility reducers affect all insects but could be adapted by _____

specialists

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_____ number of insects are immue to harmful effects of plant toxins

small

specialists sequester toxic chemicals from plant and use them to

protect themselves from predators

general mechanisms for plants of the same species to respond to herbivores are _________

heritable

_____ insects are more sensitive to plant toxins than _____ insects

generalist specialists

which gets induced first, direct or indirect response?

direct response first indirect response if no direct response

primary or secondary metabolites make defense shit (ex. insecticides)

secondary

infested plants have higher levels of ____ proteins compared to non-infested plants

defense

there is an insect infestation in plant. ____ defense metabolites produced first. ____ defense metabolites produced second, for example....

small large, terpenoids

plant allelochemicals can act as

repellents deterrents growth inhibitors mortality

what types of strategies did insects evolve to cope with plant toxins

avoidance, excretion, sequestration and degradation

coevolution of plant allelochemicals and insect coping strategies driven by

competition

neem based toxins show ____ effects on insects

aversive

terpenes from neem have stimulatory effects on ______ receptor cells in larvae

chemosensory

monoterpenoids show ____ pattern and are toxic to _____

seasonal pattern beetles

neurotoxic effects on insects

hyperactivity, hyper-excitation, rapid knock down and immobilization

insect herbivore stategies to cope with toxins:

- use carbs to mask toxins - diet exposure to induce P450 production - diet exposure to specific secondary compounds

types of alelochemicals as insecticides

SATGTP (shakir and thomas got true pizazz) salicylic acid alkaloids tannins glycosides terpenoids phenols +lignin

alkaloids: how they affect insects taste

affect neurotransmission, disturb cell membrane/cytoskeleton and cause leaky cells taste bitter to humans

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: ____ repellents toxic to ____ ____ of generalist insect-herbivores examples induced due to mechanism

feeding repellant intestine microbes jacobine and erucifoline root damage exist as N-oxide in root (safe), degrades into tertiary compound in insect gut = toxic

nitrogen alkaloids examples

caffiene, morphine and nicotine

another nitrogen alkaloid example = Theobromine used to make ______ used in medicine for

caffeine diuretics, myocardial stimulants, vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxants

nitotine alkaloid: effect on insect repels ____, whereas doesn't affect _____ physical damage of tobacco leafs releases ______

paralysis and death spiders, not catapillars green leaf volatiles (GLVs)

nitrogen alkaloid: plants in nightshade family produce _____, a ____-toxic alkaloid and ____ stimulant. This produces _____ and stored in ____ when insects chew leaves

atropine neurotoxic cardiac nicotine vacuoles

there are __#__ terpenoids

20,000

terpenoids:: in the __ canals of bark ____, then distributed though roots and shoots can mount indirect defense via attracting ______ of insect herbivores by releasing ____, which attract ______ (predators, parasites, etc) extremely _____

resin, xylem enemies , volatiles, beneficiaries volatile

conifers increase their concentration of ______ and ______ when attacked by infestations of insects

monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes

pyrethrins (monoterpenoid) produced by _____ plants are _____ to insects

chrysanthemum neurotoxic

the terpenoids ____ and _____ produced by mint plants. stored in ____ of the epidermis

menthol and menthone trichomes

what monoterpenoid spices are safe for humans but toxic to insects

mint, basil, oregano, rosemary, sage and savory

terpenoids from orange and neem oil are biopesticides that controls what insect

aphids

T/F: diterpenoids and carotenoids are made in mevalonic acid pathway in plastid organelles

FALSE: not made in that pathway, but are made in plastid organelles

diterpenoid: _____ toxin inhibits ___ channels in thrips

romedotoxin sodium

the triterpenoid "limonoid" is an insect _____

insect deterrents

saponins are triterpenoids that messes with what?

disrupts cell membrane via messing with cholestrol, which causes cell death

phenols made in ____ pathway, has ____ properties, disrupts insect _____ system.

shimik acid antiseptic endocrine

how do phenols affect aphids; explain mechanism

soluble part crosses intestine barrier and located in blood. toxic effects that cause oxidative stress.

tannins prone to oxidization in insects under high ___ conditions, like radicals, that cause toxicity at higher concentrations

alkaline

the tannins silica and lignin are found in plant ___ walls, are not ____ by insects. cause damage by...

cell digestable grinding down the mandible of insects, DNA damage

insects developed coping strategies to tannin toxicity via... this lead to

avoidaance, excretion, sequestration and degradation of tannins co-evolution and co-diversification

jasmonic acid and ______ acid are similar defenseive response to ___ _____ by aphids

salicyclic acid sap sucking

resistance to salicyclic acid though activity of _____ and _____ enzymes

NPR1 digestive enzymes

lignin provides ____ to ____ _____ and ____ to biotic and abiotic stress

structure to cell walls support

lignin provides a ____ ____ against insect attacks. so plant tissue ____ (high lignin) reduces insect damage to plants

physical barrier toughness

glycosides converted to _____ ____, which is toxic to ____ herbivores. this is because they have bad ___, increase _____, decrease absorption of ______, delay larval ____

hydrogen cyanide genearlist smell ROS amino acids development

allomones definitions

effects are favorable to sender not reciever

repellents definition

turn away insect

locomotor excitants definition

cause hypermotility

suppressants definition

reduce overall activity and impact of insect herbivores

deterrents definition

prevent attacks by insect herbivores

arrestants definition

prevent motility

digestibility reducing definition

negativly affect nutrient uptake and use

toxins definition

posionous

parsnip webworms eat

furanocoumarins

oleander aphids eat

jasmonic acid in milkweek

monarch caterpillars eat

jasmonic acid and salysalic acid milkweed

tobacco hornworms eat

food with nicotine

larvae tradeoff explanation

larvae eat plants with low cardenolide levels because can use cardenolides for antipredator defense. too much high levels of cardenolides can kill baby larvae

there are two rose plants in waterloo and burlington. a ladybug chews on both. both rose plants release SA. is this constitutive or induced response?

constitutive because roses have default/inherited response mechanism

there are two rose plants in waterloo and burlington. a ladybug chews on both. one rose plants release alkaloids, one rose plants releases jasmonic acid. is this constitutive or induced response?

induced because different responses from diff enviornmental influence/individual life experience of plant. (same plant, diff location, diff allelochemicals bc of diff responses)

alkaloids have what effect on insect diet

cause them to stop feeding

atropine is

poisionous

deltamethrin is a

commercial pyrethroid

A.indica is used as a

biopesticide