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biol 439 > flavenoids > Flashcards

flavenoids Flashcards

1
Q

flavenoids are derived from ______ (via malonate) and ______

A

acetate and phenylalanine

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2
Q

flavenoids are _____ soluble

A

water

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3
Q

flavenoids absorb ____ and ____ light, as they are ______

A

UV and visible
photoactive

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4
Q

who makes flavenoids and who does not make them

A

plants make
animals do not make (butterflies get colour via flavenoids in diet)

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5
Q

flavonoids have ____ structure

A

polyphenolic

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6
Q

flavenoid characteristics in plants:
in ___ part of plant
flower ______
UV absorbing compounds in leaf ______
_______ scavengers
phyto______ (fungicides)
used for ________

A

in all parts of plant
flower pigments
UV absorbing compounds in leaf epidermis
free radical scavengers
phytoalexins (fungicides)
used for taxonomy

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7
Q

flavonoids inhibit ______, used by _____ plants for _____/_____. they have a _____ molecular weight

A

enzymes
higher
defense and growth
low

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8
Q

T/F: flavenoids only found in flower petals

A

F bc flavenoids found in all part of plant

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9
Q

responsible for ____ and ___ of flowers
___ pollinators
promote ______ dispersion
_____ germination
_____ and ____ of seedlings
protect plants from stress by acting as ___ filters

A

aroma and flaour
attract
fruit
seed
growth and development
UV

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10
Q

flavenoids play a role in _____ resistance, _____ accimilation and _____ tolerance

A

drought
heat
freezing

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11
Q

there are over _____ (#) flavenoids total,
but _____ (#) share ____ (#) skeletons

A

6000
3000, 24

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12
Q

types of flavenoid modifications:
1. most are conjugated to _____ at the OH groups, and glycosides gives _____ solubility

  1. many are O-____ and O-____ at OH’s, which gives ____ solubility
  2. chelate metals
  3. can be _____ized and ______ized
A

sugars, water

O-methylated, O-acetylated, lipid

dimerized and oligomerized

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13
Q

classification of flavonoid divided into subgroups based on the _____ that the rings attach to, degree of ____ ,and _____ at that ring

A

carbon
unsaturation
oxidation

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14
Q

when B ring is linked in position 3 of C ring = _____-flavonone

A

iso-flavone

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15
Q

when B ring is linked in position 4 of C ring = _____-flavonone

A

neo-flavonoid

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16
Q

when B ring is linked in position 2 of C ring = _____-flavonone

A

other subgroups

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17
Q

FLAVONES
found in leaves, flowers and fruits as _____
sources:
examples:

A

glucosides
citrus!!, celery, parsley, peppers, mint

a(pig)let talking
apigenin, lutolin, tangeritin

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18
Q

FLAVANONES
seen mostly in ____
linked to health benefits because…
taste:
beneficial health effects:
examples:

A

citrus (lemon, orange, grape)
free radical-scavenging activity
bitter
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cholestrol lowering

not enjoying home (NEH)
naringenin, eriodicdyol, hesperitin,

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19
Q

ISOFLAVONES
seen in _____ and _____
precursor for synthesis of _____
strong use for ______
examples:

A

beans and microbes
phytoalexins
defense

GD (german daddy)
genistein and daidzein

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20
Q

NEOFLAVONOIDS
different backbone because…
example: _____, isolated in what year?
found in ______

A

no OH group at position 2
calophyllolide, 1951
Sri Lankan tree

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21
Q

FLAVANOLS
__-hydroxy derivitives of ______
no _____ bond at positions __ and __
seen mostly in

A

3-OH, flavanones
double, 2=3
fruit

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22
Q

ANTHOCYANINS
gives fruit _____, which depends on ___ or ____/___ at the OH groups on the joined rings
seen in ___ layer of fruit
examples

A

colour
PH, acetylation/methylation
outer

MDC (mermadia crustacian delphine)
malvidin, cyanidin, delphinidin

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23
Q

CHALCONES
no _____ ring, only ____
aka “____-chain flavonoids”
seen in
examples

A

third, 2
open-chain
tomato, berries, wheat

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24
Q

___ classes of flavenoids based on oxidation state of central ____ ring

A

12
pyran

25
Q

synthesis of flavonoids:
1._________ pathway to make ________
2. _________ + _______ via ________ ->_______
3. _____ and _____ to make diverse flavonoids

A

phenylpropanoid
4-coumaroyl CoA

4-coumaroyl CoA
3 malonyl CoA
chalcone synthase
chalcone

redox and modifications

26
Q

localization of flavanoids in plants: FLOWERS
- antho______
- flavonones as ________
- seen in _____ of petals because contribute to ______

A

anthocyanins
co-pignments
epidermal, colour

27
Q

_______ are the precursor to all flavonoids

A

chalcones

28
Q

localization of flavanoids in plants: LEAVES
- anthocyanin _______
- ____ colour, examples in veggies ____
- usually in ____ layer
- reflect ___ and ____ with interferaence of ___ to give purple colour

A

pigmentation
purple, red cabbage, red onion
epidermal
blue and red, interference of chlorophyll

29
Q

localization of flavanoids in plants:

  • UV absorbing pigments in ____ layer of leaves
  • in ______ as free radical scavengers
A

epidermal
mesophyll

30
Q

localization within plant cell:
- in _____ of cell
- biosynthesis occurs in the ____
- enzymes associated with _____ mebrane around vacuole

A

vacuole
cytoplasm
tonoplast

31
Q

flavenoids made in _____, transporteed into _____ when the _____ is attached.

A

cytoplasm
vacuole
glycosyl

32
Q

in vacuole, ____ of flavonoids form which gives flower _____.
also seen in chloroplasts/cytoplasm which is important for ________ scavenging.
extracellular flavonoids in waxy layers and cuticles are _______, and examples are ______ and ______

A

aggregates, colour
free radical
methylated, fungicide, bacteriacide

33
Q

flower colouring:
- cyan
- pigments = ______
- pyran ring is ____ charged and if attacked by OH, it loses its ______
- ph of vacuole is ____ which ______ protects charge, but still suseptable to OH attack so additional protection done by _____ of the molecules to preserve colour

A

anthocyanins
positivly, colour
acidic, weakly
aggregation

34
Q

anthycyanin stabilization ______ via ______. the four types are:
1. intramolecular _______
2. ______ complexity
3. _____ association
4. intermolecular ______

A

in vivo, aggregation
1. copigmentation
2. metal complexity
3. self association
4. copigmentation

35
Q

as concentration of anythocyanins increases, ______ saturates

A

absorbance

36
Q

T/F: if aggregation occurs, concentration increases in proportion to number of molecules. therefore aggregates absorb as multiple molecules

A

F: if aggregation occurs, concentration does NOT increase in proportion to number of molecules
dimers, trimers aborb as single molecules; aggregates absorb as a single molecule

37
Q

for aggregates to form, ______ must be free

A

4-OH

38
Q

self association:
anthocyanins stack in ___ fashion, promote __-__ interactions and _____ interactions.
association protects the ___ ring charge from OH- attack

A

planar
pi-pi
lipophilic
positive

39
Q

intermolecular co-pignmenation:
- protects anthocyanin ___ charge
- shifts ______ of pigments
- held together by __-__ interactions
- ____ promote association
- ______ (stable/unstable)
- acetylated through _____ groups
- ____ colour

A

positive
max wavelength
pi-pi
glycosyls
stable
glycosyl
blue

40
Q

metal complexes:
- aggregate using ____ metal
- ______ complex

A

Mg2+ colour
large

41
Q

yellow flower colouring from a combindation of ______ + ______. the wavelenth of transmission is ____-_____

A

anthocyanins and carotenoids
550-600

42
Q

flavonoids that absorb UV are synthesized in response to ____, in ____ layer of leaves. absorb at ___-___nm

A

UVB radiation
epidermal
290-350

43
Q

flavenoid making mechanisms (x4)
- ____ scavenging
- ____ _____ inhibition
- anti-______

A

radical
xanthine oxidase
anti-inflammaiton

44
Q

what step in synthesis of flavonoids is the committal step?

A

step 2
4-coumaroyl CoA + 3 malonyl CoA via chalcone synthase -> chalcone

45
Q

modifications of chalcone to make diverse terpenoids

A

glycosylation, methylation, metalation, oligomerization

46
Q

T/F: each aggregate has different colour

A

TRUE!!

47
Q

cyanoplast is a flavenoid ______

A

aggregate

48
Q

photosynthetically active radiation (cisible light) at what nm?
what part of plant does it make flavenoids in (penetrate to)?

A

400-700nm
mesophyll

49
Q

UVA radiation at what nm?
what part of plant does it make flavenoids in (penetrate to)?

A

320-400nm
mesophyll

50
Q

UVB radiation at what nm?
what part of plant does it make flavenoids in (penetrate to)?

A

290-320nm
upper epidermis

51
Q

why is UVB increasing today?

A

loss of ozone layer

52
Q

flavenoids are primary or secondary?

A

secondary

53
Q

T/F: all flavanoids induced by UVB

A

false, only some flavanoids induced by UBV

54
Q

two examples of FLAVONES

A

a(pig)-let (AL)

apigenin
luteolin

55
Q

two examples of ISOFLAVONES

A

german daddy (GD)

genistein and daidzein

56
Q

two examples of FLAVONOLS

A

HN (hell no)
hesperetin
narigenin

57
Q

two examples of FLAVANALS

A

quite kinky (QK)

quercetin
kaempferol

58
Q

two examples of CHALCONES

A

phoney challenges (PC)

phloretin
chalconarigenin

59
Q

3 examples of ANTHOCYANINS

A

mermadia crustacian delphine (MCD)

malvidin
cyanidin
deiphindin

biol 439 (12 decks)

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