allelochemicals

Question 1

ways to induce production of allelochemicals in plants

Answer 1

UV light, wound, pathogen attack

Question 2

production of allelochemicals in a plant results in

Answer 2

suppressing seed germination
inhibiting root and shot growth

Question 3

allelochemicals allow for ____ _______ between organisms: such as ____ _____ and ______

Answer 3

mutual relationships
mutual benefit
competition

Question 4

allelochemicals are made by

Answer 4

plants, animals, microbes

Question 5

allelochemicals are made to fight enemies. this gives a _____ advantage, considered ____ to plant but ____ to competitors

Answer 5

selective
safe
hazardous

Question 6

where are allelopethic chemicals found in plant?

Answer 6

root, leaves, fruit, decayed leaves

Question 7

allelopathic chemicals in plants used for:
_____ repellants
defense against ____ and _____ (_______)
______ for competition

Answer 7

insect
fungi and bacteria (phytoalexins)
herbicides

Question 8

how to get allelopathic chemicals

Answer 8

extract with solvent
partial purification (chromatography)
test fractions on target organism
purify fractions
test “pure” compounds = identify compound with activity

Question 9

_____ to differentiate primary from secondary effects because…

Answer 9

hard
many sites of action

Question 10

general effects of allelopathic chemicals

Answer 10

inhibit nutrient uptake, K+ uptake, inhibit plant hormones, inhibit protein synthesis, increase membrane permeability, tonoplast leakage (vacuoles lose water)

MEMBRANE DAMAGE!!!

Question 11

Juglone:
___ - icides
produced by ______
inhibit photosynthesis by inhibiting ______
inhibits PSII by binding to the _______ site
inhibits _______ (reduction in mitochondria)

Answer 11

herbicide
black walnut tree
electron transport chain
plastoquinone site
CoQ

Question 12

algicide allelochemicals are enviornmentally friendly because

Answer 12

low toxicity, very selective and biodegradable

Question 13

algicide allelochemicals control

Answer 13

algal blooms

Question 14

4 main classes of allelochemicals

Answer 14

polyphenols
N-compounds
fatty acids/esters
terpenoids

Question 15

polyphenol algicide allelochemicals:
common in ______ control
inhibit _______ cells
ex. _____ and ______

Answer 15

HABs (harmful algal blooms)
microalgae cells
PHBA and salicyclic acid

Question 16

N-containing algicide allelochemicals examples

Answer 16

alkaloids, anilines, amino acids

Question 17

fatty acids/esters algicide allelochemicals:
have an inhibitory effect at _____ temp
more _______ linkages = stronger effect
_______ carbon chain = stronger effect
_______ carbon chain = stronger effect

Answer 17

high temp above 35 degrees
unsaturated
short
odd

Question 18

terpenoids as algicide allelochemicals are _____ compared to other types

Answer 18

weaker

Question 19

examples of terpenoid algicide allelochemicals

Answer 19

B-ionone, eucalyptol, B-cyclocitral, linallol, a-terpineol

Question 20

allelochemicals are generally considered _____ because they’re natural but can also be ________

Answer 20

safe
more toxic that pollutants

Question 21

allelochemicals as algecides effects on photosynthesis:
abnormal ____, ____ and ___
triggers changes in ________
______ synthesis of core proteins

Answer 21

pigments, proteins, electrons
gene expression
represses

Question 22

how do allelochemicals effect redox balance?

Answer 22

can cause excessive increase in intracellular ROS

Question 23

how do allelochemicals reduce a cells ability to survive?

Answer 23

induce apoptosis

Question 24

types/catagories of allelochemicals as insecticides

Answer 24

allomones = adaptave advantage
repellents
locomotor excitants = speed up movement
suppressants = inhibit biting
deterrants = prevent feeding
arrestants = immobilize insect
digestibility reducing
toxins

Question 25

catagories/types/examples of allelochemicals as insecticides

Answer 25

SATGTP (shakir and thomas got true pizazz)

salicyclic acid,
alkaloids,
tannins,
glycosides
terpenoids,
phenols,

Question 26

flavanoids affect on bees

Answer 26

flavanoids attract bees to flowers

Question 27

agonist of juglone is

Answer 27

atrazine

Question 28

atrazine inhibits…

Answer 28

PSII of electron transport chain

Question 29

how do algal blooms affect shellfish?

Answer 29

shellfish uptake and retain toxins produced by contaminated algae

Question 30

types of algecide allelochemicals

Answer 30

LEHFS (literally every hedge fucking sucks)

ligneous plants
emergent macrophyte
herbaceous plants
floating macrophyte
submerged macrophyte

Question 31

order the main 4 allelochemical types based on efficacies:

Answer 31

HIGH
polyphenolics
N-contaiming compounds
fatty acids
terpeniods
LOW

Question 32

allelochemicals affect on cell membrane

Answer 32

lose membrane integrity = breaks = leakage of cytoplasm

Question 33

Allelochemicals make ROS, what does this cause?

Answer 33

apoptosis
break cell membrane
fucks ETC
abnormal gene and protein expression

Question 34

allelochemical repellant example

Answer 34

capsicin in hot peppers

hypericin D = photosensitizes skin

Question 35

allelochemicals up- regulated by these enviornmental conditions:

Answer 35

UV in sunlight
day length
stress
elicitors

Question 36

how does day length affect allecochemical regulation

Answer 36

end of day (far red light) = allelochemicals upregulated

day length regulates flowering

Question 37

how does stress affect allecochemical regulation

Answer 37

causes synthesis of compounds that protect against ROS

Question 38

how does elicitors affect allecochemical regulation

Answer 38

microbe attack causes synthesis of phytoallexins in plants (ex. flavenoids)