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Cell and Molec > Intracellular compartments: lecture > Flashcards

Intracellular compartments: lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Where’s the ER in relation to the nuclear membrane?

A

They’re attached

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2
Q

Where are membrane-bound polyribosomes?

A

Some in the ER

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3
Q

Is most membrane on the outside or inside of cell?

A

inside

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4
Q

What cellular component makes up most cell volume in the table?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

Do all cells have the same amount of organelles?

A

No, changes based on cell type

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6
Q

What organelle changes most in abundance between liver / pancreatic cells?

A

rough/smooth ER

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7
Q

First eukaryotic cell - what happened to cell wall?

A

Dissolved, and so other genes came in

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8
Q

First eukaryotic cell - how did DNA get trapped?

A

Membrane folded in to anaerobic bacteria over time - protect it

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9
Q

When were the first eukaryotic cells aerobic?

A

When they engulfed mitochondria

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10
Q

What do vesicles need to move from one compartment to the next?

A

membranes with similar compositions

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11
Q

Can all membranes move things to all other membranes?

A

No, only similarly-composed membranes

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12
Q

Can all membranes move things to all other membranes?

A

No, only similarly-composed membranes

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13
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Makes membranes for other organelles

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14
Q

How do membranes get moved to other compartments?

A

Vesicles

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15
Q

Transport: What is the only organelle with gated transport?

A

Nucleus/cytosol

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16
Q

What is transmembrane transport? How many organelles do it?

A

4 organelles

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17
Q

What’s it called when a vesicle is just leaving?

A

budding

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18
Q

What’s it called when a vesicle gets to target compartment?

A

Fusion

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19
Q

How to proteins know which destination to go to?

A

Amino acid sequences specify destination (signal sequence)

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20
Q

Where are destination-specifying sequence signals normally on the protein?

A

N-terminus

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21
Q

Which mRNA end does n-terminus correspond to?

A

5’

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22
Q

What is ‘cannonical’ ER mean?

A

well-conserved

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23
Q

What kind of transport is nucleus/cytosol?

A

Gated

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24
Q

What shape are nuclear pores?

A

Kinda like a basket

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25
Q

What are nuclear porins?

A

They make up nuclear pore complexes

26
Q

What do nuclear pore complexes do?

A

Transport macromolecules

27
Q

What does the ER do?

A

Fold proteins, transport proteins

28
Q

What are the role of peroxisomes?

A

Destroy fatty acids / alcohol, make toxic byproducts

29
Q

What reactions do peroxisomes do?

A

Oxidation reactions. Generral reaction:

H2O2 > 2H2O + O2

30
Q

What are peroxins?

A

Proteins which participate in import process for peroxisomes

31
Q

What happens between ER and peroxisome?

A

Budding vesicle > proteins attach that catalyze import > fusion

Breaks up into two daughter peroxisomes

32
Q

What happens between ER and peroxisome?

A

Peroxisomal precursor leaves ER > attaches to proteins (peroxins??) > turns into peroxisome.

Peroxisome grows from new input and eventually can divide

33
Q

How does ER transport to cytosol?

A

Transmembrane transport

34
Q

What is co-translational translocation?

A

Ribosome binds to ER as polypeptide is getting made

35
Q

What is the signal hypothesis?

A

Signal to go to ER is in the N-terminus of growing amino acid

36
Q

What is a protein translocator?

A

Lets protein into ER. Protein goes through it

37
Q

What do signal peptidases do?

A

Clip off signal sequence in translation

38
Q

What’s a signal sequence, where is it, and what happens to it?

A

Sequence on N-terminus of growing polypeptide that signals to go to ER.

Gets clipped off by signal peptidase during polypeptide growth

39
Q

What’s a signal sequence, where is it, and what happens to it?

A

Sequence on N-terminus of growing polypeptide that signals to go to ER.

Gets clipped off by signal peptidase during polypeptide growth

40
Q

What does an SRP do?

A

SRP (signal recognition particle) recruits cytosolic ribosomes

41
Q

What is an SRP made off?

A

single RNA, 6 protein subunits

42
Q

What does an SRP do?

A

SRP (signal recognition particle) recruits cytosolic ribosomes

shuttles ribosomes to ER

43
Q

What is an SRP made off?

A

single RNA, 6 protein subunits

44
Q

How does an SRP work?

A

Moves between ER and cytosol, binds to receptor on ER

45
Q

When SRP binds, what happens with translation?

A

Pauses

46
Q

When SRP with ribosome gets to ER, what happens?

A

SRP is released/recycled, protein gets translated into ER through protein translocator

47
Q

What’s the difference between free ribosome cycle and membrane-bound ribosome cycle?

A

Free = polyribosomes in cytosol

Membrane-bound = polyribosome bound to ER

48
Q

How might mRNA get near an ER?

A

Polyribosomes are moved to ER with SRP; mRNA comes along for the ride

49
Q

What is the sec61 complex also called?

A

protein translocator

50
Q

How does translocator protein work molecularly?

A

There’s a plug in it normally

ER binding displaces the plug

Polypeptide fills space of plug, threads through into ER

51
Q

Where on ribosome does the protein translocator/sec61 complex bind?

A

Large subunit

52
Q

How much energy is required for translocation to ER?

A

None!

53
Q

What did we learn about in regards to pre-translational translocation?

A

SRP, translocator, etc

54
Q

What does BiP stand for?

A

‘binding protein’…

55
Q

What is BiP? What does it do?

A

Feed protein w/ ATP into ER pore and into lumen

Helps fold (helps function as euk molec chaperone)

56
Q

What is ‘topological equivalence’?

A

Protein can get from one place to another without going through a membrane

57
Q

What’s in the nuclear lamina?

A

A shitload of proteins, it’s a fibrous network

58
Q

What are NPC’s made up of?

A

Nucleoporins

59
Q

How are new peroxisomes formed?

A

They’re grown. First a lipid precursor grows from the rough ER and goes into cytosol

Then it merges with some proteins in the cytosol (peroxisomal precursor proteins) and lipids from the smooth ER. They know to go to peroxisome from short signal sequence

then it starts nomming on chemicals and releasing H2O2

60
Q

What is the ER lumen?

A

Space in between ER and nucleus, continuous with both

61
Q

When might SRPs experience a conformational change?

A

When they bind to a signal sequence, opens an area for them to bind to receptor on ER

Cell and Molec (21 decks)

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