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PSYO 322 > intimacy > Flashcards

intimacy Flashcards

1
Q

area of particular importance

A
  • intimate relationships = open, honest, self disclosure, trust
  • development = normative bio, cog, and social changes
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2
Q

puberty and development of intimacy

A
  • changes in sexual impulses provoke interest in sex, leading to development of romantic relationships
  • some are hesitant to discuss sex or dating with parents
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3
Q

cog changes and development of intimacy

A
  • advances in thinking permit relationships with greater empathy, self disclosure, and sensitivity
  • maturation of connections among brain regions foes hard in hand with improvements in interpersonal competence
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4
Q

changes in social rols and development of intimacy

A
  • behavioural independence provides more opportunity for intimate discussion
  • “near adults”, ados become confidants, source of support for parents and other adults
  • relationships gradually transform from the friendly but active-ortiented friendships of childhood to the more self-conscious, analytical, and intimate relationships of adulthood
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5
Q

sullvan’s theory

A
  • less bio than other theoriest
  • empasis on social aspects of growth
  • charted stages of interpersonal needs
  • security derived from having satisfying relationships is the glue that hold one’s sense of self together
  • psychosocial development is cumulative
  • a solid foundation of security in past relationships aids in successful interpersonal transitions
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6
Q

interpersonal development during ado

A
  • need for intimacy precedes development of romantic or sexual relationships
  • capacity for intimacy first develops in same sex relationships
  • quality of same sex friendships predictive of quality of later romantic relationships
  • the challenge is to transition between nonsexual intimate, relationships to sexual relationships of late ado
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7
Q

erikson v. sullivan

A
  • erikson: intimacy v. isolation (identity first, then intimacy)
  • sullivan: need to have intimacy to develop an identity
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8
Q

attachment (is, secure, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant, disorganized)

A
  • is: the strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver
  • secure: a healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, char by trust
  • a-a: an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, char by indifference on the part of the infant towards the caregiver
  • a-r: an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, char by distress at separation and anger at reunion
  • dis: a relationship between infant and caregiver char by the absense of normal attachment behaviour
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9
Q

attachment theory: 2 main questions

A
  1. is there a link between the quality of attachment formed in infancy and mental health or behaviour in ado
  2. can the same framework used to char relationships in infancy be used to char interpersonal relationships in ado
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10
Q

does infant attachment predict ado intimacy?

A
  • some argue that the attachment relationship forms the basis for the model of interpersonal relationships employed throughout life
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11
Q

internal working model, rejection sensitivity

A
  • iwm: the implicit expectations of interpersonal relationships that an individual empliys throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences
  • rs: heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others
  • high rejection sensititvy and emotional insecurity are linked to depression and anxiety, which lead to futher increases in rejection sensitivity
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12
Q

interpersonal development is cumulative

A
  • infancy affects early childhood, which affects middle childhood, ect
  • people who had secure infancy may be on a different interpersonal trajectory than those who did not
  • is is possible for interpersonal development to be cimulative without the root cause being the individual’s internal working model
  • there are mixed study results concerning a direct link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships
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13
Q

jealousy

A
  • a pattern of change takes place during middle ado
  • concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temp overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure
  • older ado typically have conflicts over public disrespect
  • girls in particular show a pronounced increase in jealousy over their freinds’ friends during early ado
  • this pattern of change may be related to the transition into other sex relationships
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14
Q

conflict

A
  • ados close friendships also are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have and the ways in which disagreements are resolved
  • more emotional with lots of anger and hurt feelings
  • more likely to provoke efforts to restore the relationship than is conflict between casual friends
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15
Q

knowing who their friends are

A
  • ados gain knowledge about more intimate aspects of their friends’ lives
  • reports of friendship quality increase steadily
  • high levels of online social networking are linked to less social isolation
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16
Q

ado have _ comapred to kids

(4)

A
  • helpful and generous
  • responsive to close friends
  • empathic and socially understanding
  • focused on providing support
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17
Q

conflict resolution

A
  • more likely to end conflicts with negotiation
  • negotiation more common between romantic partners than friends, close friends than acquaintances
  • similar to resolution with parents when younger
18
Q

social media hurt development of intimacy

A
  • little evidence
  • may help develop social competence
  • enhances quality of ado’s friendships
  • serves an important purpose in helping teens validate the importance of their friendships
  • provides new ways for ados to enjoy their friends’ companionship
  • -‘ve interactions often the same as those that happen in person
  • overall effects more +’ve than -‘ve
19
Q

how females are more intimate

A
  • greater interest in close friendships
  • talk about intimate things
  • concern about friends faithfulness
  • greater anxiety over rejection
  • greater emphasis on emotional closeness
  • fight about relationships
  • make distinctions in intimate and nonintimate
  • conflicts are longer
20
Q

sex similarities in intimacy

A
  • equivalent degrees of intimate knowledge about their best freinds
  • both have intimacy concerns
21
Q

the origins of sex differences

A
  • many theorists have suggested that sex differences in intimacy are the result of different patterns of socialization
  • social pressures on males and females during ado are quite different and may lead to differences in expressions of intimacy
22
Q

ados have a chanfe in the targets of intimate behaviour

A
  • intimacy with peers replaces intimacy with parents
  • intimacy with other sex peers replaces intimacy with same sex friends
  • however, research shows that new targets of intimacy are added to old ones instead of replacing them
23
Q

reaffiliation motive

A
  • the normal and adaptive motivation that most of us have, which prompts us to reconnect with others when we feel lonely
24
Q

the different roles of parents and peers

A
  • parent-ado relationships have an imbalance of power, teens receive advice, and conflicts usually results with a “winner” and “loser”
  • ados relationships with peers are mutual, balanced, equal exchanges, with conflicts more likely to end in compromise
25
Q

social support

A
  • the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her social network
  • a lack of support from parents or from friends in school is associated with low self-worth and poorer social adjustment
  • having support from 1 source does not compensate for lack of support from the other
26
Q

dating and the development of intimacy

A
  • contemporary ados romance researchers draw on several theories:
    1. from sullivan’s theory of interpersonal development, the developmental progression in individual’s capacity for intimacy
    2. from attachment theory, the idea that individuals differ in the quality of their relationships
    3. from ecological perspectives on development, the idea that relationships need to be viewed within the larger social context
27
Q

dating and the development of intimacy

A
  • the quality of ados friendships is predictive of the quality of subsequent romantic relationships, but reverse is not true
  • romantic relationships play different role in development of intimacy for females than for males
  • today, there are more similarities than differences in how the sexes’ romantic relationships develop
  • these are important cultural differences in how ados approach dating
28
Q

the role of context and dating

A
  • the age at which dating begins is influenced by the norms and expectations in the ado community
  • romantic relationships are more common at a younger age in other industrialized countries than in north america, but by late ado, rates of dating are similar
  • the age norms within ados school and peer group are more important in determining the age at which dating begins than is the ado’s physical maturity
  • dating beings earlier among ados who have older siblings, who are less close to their parents, and who live with single mothers, especially if the mother is sexually active herself
29
Q

patterns of dating

A

can mean different things:
- group activities involving boys and girls potential partners
- casual dating in couples
- serious involvement in a steady relationship

30
Q

reasons for dating

A

dating may be less important for the development of intimacy than it is for other purposes:
- establising emotional and behavioural autonomy from parents
- furthering the development of gender identity
- establishing and maintaining status and popularity in the peer group
- influencing how they will be seen by others

31
Q

phases of romance

A
  1. roughly between ages 11 and 13, first discovery of interest in socializing with potential romantic and sexual partners
  2. from about ages 14 to 16, shift toward more meaningful dyadic relationships
  3. about ages 17 and 18, concerns about commitment at the forefront, and consideration of the long-term survival and growth of romantic attachments
32
Q

the impact of dating on ado development

A
  • about 10% of late ados report having had no serious romantic relationships
  • another 15% have not been in a relationship that lasted more than a few months
  • generally, ados who do not date at all show signs of delayed social development and feelings of insecurity
  • it is not clear whether age-appropriate dating leads to better social developement or whether more socially advanced ados are simply more likely to date
  • romace has a powerful impact on ados’ emotional state
33
Q

the break up

A
  • the break up of a romantic relationship is the single most common trigger of the 1st episode of major depression
  • breaking up is also associated with increases in substance use and delinquency
  • breaking up does not have severe effects on all ado
34
Q

development of ado sexuality

A
  • important time in life
  • puberty and ado sexuality: increased sex drive, possiblility of pregnancy, development of 2ndary sex char
35
Q

cog change/social roles and ado sexuality

A

cog.
- influenced by merging cognitive capabilities (introsoection and reflection about sexual behaviour)
- subject of painful conjecture, hypothetical thinking, and decision making
social role
- desire for the sort of serious emotional relationship that begins to take on features of adult romance
- desire to enhance their status with peers

36
Q

autoerotic behaviour

A
  • sexual behaviour that is experienced alone, such as masturbation or sexual fantasizing
  • developmental progression of sexual behaviours, from less intimate to more intimate, has not changes very much over the past 60 yrs
  • for most, the sequence of increasingly advanced behaviours unfolds gradually over time
37
Q

prevalence of sexual intercourse

A
  • estimates vary from study to study
  • males tend to overstate their level of activity; females tend to understate it
  • national surveys indicate that fewer ados are sexaually active today than several decades ago
  • sexual intercourse during high school continues to be a part of the normative experiences of the majority american students
38
Q

changes in sexual activity over time

A
  • attitudes toward premarital intercourse during ado became more liberal beginning in the mid-1960s
  • proportion who have had sex early has declined, but median stays at 17 yrs old
39
Q

sexual socialization and the way boys feel

A

ss:
- the process through which ados are exposed to and educated about sexuality
boys feel:
- first experience orgasm through masturbation
- keep matters of sex and intimacy seperate
- interpret intercourse in terms of recreation rather than intimacy
- likely to experience approval from peers they confide in

40
Q

the way girls feel

A
  • more likely to experience sex for the first time with another person
  • integrate sexual activity into an existing capacity for intimacy and emotional involvement
  • because of possible pregnancy, more likely to be encouraged to approach sex cautiously
  • after first experience, more likely to enounter disapproval or mixed feelings from others in whom she confides
41
Q

same sex attraction

A
  • young ados often engage in sex play with those of the same sex, fantasize about the same sex, or question the nature of their feelings from same sex peers
  • no consistent predictors link sexual experimentation in ados with later orientation identification
  • sexual orientation is not an “ether-or” between homosexuality and heterosexuality
  • development of sexual orientation follows different patterns among sexual minority males and females
42
Q

the antecedents of same sex attraction

A
  • studies focus on 2 sets of factors: biologival influences and social influences
  • sexual orientation is likely shaped by complex interaction of social and bio influences
  • the particular pattern of sexual behaviour that is activated may depend on the way in which hormonal pathways in the brain were organized early in life
  • some evidence indicates a strong genetic component, but gay and lesbian ados are no more likely than heterosexual youth to have had gay or lesbian parents

PSYO 322 (13 decks)

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