challenges Flashcards
substance abuse, externalizing disorder, internalizing disorder, comorbid
- sa: the misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual’s life
- ed: psychosocial problems are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency
- id: psychosocial problems are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression or anxiety
- substance abuse problems are likely comorbid
- c: co-occuring, as when an individual has more than 1 problem at the same time
problem behaviour syndrome, unconventional individual show certain traits
- the covartiation among various types of externalizing disorders believed to result from an underlying trait of unconventionality
- unconventional individuals show certian traits: tolerance of deviance, not connected to school/religious institutions, highly liberal views
problem clusters and social control theory
pc:
- involvement in 1 problem behaviour may lead to involvement in a second one
- cascading effects happen when 1 sort of problem causes another, which triggers a third
sct:
- a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society’s main institutions
- ondividuals who do not have strong bonds to societal institutions will be likely to deviate and behave unconcentionally
- theory helps explain why behaviour problems are far more prevalent among poor, inner-city, minority youth
overstating the case of comorbidity
- although doing 1 type of problem behaviour increases the likelihood of doing another, the overlap among behaviour problems is far from perfect
- it is important to differentiate between problem behaviour that adults disapprove of but that many ados consider normative
- context matters. what might be problem behaviour for ados in 1 culture might not be a problem in another culture
negative emotionality, anhedonic
-‘ve emotionality:
-the presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, char by high levels of subjective distress
individuals high in -‘ve emotionality are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and other symptions of distress
a:
- having difficulty experiencing +’ve emotions, a risk factor for depression
4 different groups of ados drug use
- frequent drug users (at least once a week)
- hard drug users (drugs other than alcohol, tobacco, or cannabis)
- experimenters with cannabsi and alcohol but who do not use them frequently (no more than once a month)
- those who abstain
predictors and consequences of substance abuse
- ados who use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs frequently are usually exhibiting symptoms of prior psyo disturbance
- young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely to experience school problems, suffer from psyo distress and depression, become involved in dangerous or deviant activities, and engage in unprotected sex
- the effects of ados substance abuse last long into adulthood
risk factors for substance abuse
- personality char: anger, impulsivity, inattentiveness, sensation seeking
- family: distant, hostile, or conflicted relationships
- friends: peers who use and tolerate the use of drugs
- social context: whether it makes drug use easy through availability of drugs, community’s norms, the degrww to which laws are enforced, the ways drug use is presented in media
substance use and abuse: protective factors
- +’ve mental health
- high academic achievement
- engagement in school
- close family relationships
- involvement in religious activities
drug and adolescent brain
- ado brain is very malleable
- drug use is more harmfil then than later
dopamine
- a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward
- certian drugs affect receptors for dopamine
- molecules of addictive drugs are similar to dopamine molecules
- frequent drug use interferes with normal maturation
- no one knows how much exposure is necessary to alter the brain permanetly
successful approaches to treatment of substance use and abuse
- social competence training with a community-wide intervention
- know the difference between drug use and abuse
- trying to stoping teens from ever using drugs is unlikely to succeed
- preventing binge drinking and drunk driving is more important
conduct disorder, oppositional-definat disorder, antisocial personality disorder, psychopaths, callous-unemotional traits
- cd: a repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behaviour that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others
- odd: a disorder of childhood and ado char by excessice anger, spite, and stubbornness
- apd: a disorder of adulthood char by antisocial behaviour and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others
- p: individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others
- cu: a cluster of triats char of psychopathic individuals, which includes a lack of empathy and indifference toward the feelings of others
aggression
- acts done to be intentionally harmful
- this broad category includes physical fighting, relational aggression, and intimidation
- it can be instrumental (planned) or reactive (unplanned)
- it usually declines over the course of childhood and ados
3 forms of antisocial behaviour and how they start
- authority conflicts: stubbornness and rebelliousness, start with stubborn, escalate to defiance and disobedience, and progress to serious authority problems
- convert antisocial behaviour: misdeeds that are not always detected by others, starts with lying and shoplifting, progresses to property damage, and escalates to more serious property crimes
- overt antisocial behaviour: aggression toward others, starts as fights or bullying, escalates to gang fighting, and progresses to violent criminal activity
