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PSYO 322 > Chap. 4 > Flashcards

Chap. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

family is a _ system

A

complex

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2
Q

+‘ve feedback loop

A
  • the change in 1 component leads to a change in the same direction
  • increasing will make more of a response
  • decreasing will decrease a response
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3
Q

-‘ve feedback loop

A
  • an increase in 1 direction will cause a change in the other direction
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4
Q

what is a disequilibrium

A

the imbalance in the fam system making 1 individual/relationship change a lot

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5
Q

what is phase transition

A
  • period of greater variability in system dynamics while the system transitions to a new form
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6
Q

midlife crisis

A

a psyo crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45

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7
Q

ado’d parenting style during the midlife crisis

A
  • 2/3 say that it is the most difficult
  • parents mental health problems have a -‘ve effect in the way they interact
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8
Q

changes in balance of power

A
  • ado try to play a more forceful role in the fam, but parents are the ones to slowly adjust
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9
Q

the generational gap

A
  • parents and teens agree on similar beliefs, core values, religion, work, and educatino
  • disagree on personal taste (which is influences on forces outside the fam)
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10
Q

what do ado and parents fight about?

A

mundane things:
- stems from different perspectives
- ados rarely rebel against parents
- conflict increases during early ado
- struggle over authority

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11
Q

do families ask there family members for advice?

A

yes

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12
Q

what happens if an ado says that they have a bad relationship with thier parents compared to a good one

A
  • -‘ve = more likely to experience depression and anxiety
  • +’ve = less depression experiences
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13
Q

who reports having a better relationship between the teen and parent

A

parents will say they have a better relationship
- in relation to cohesion, pride, and activities
- teens report lower levels

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14
Q

do teens and parents say that they have the same amount of conflict?

A

yes

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15
Q

what is the effect of having a +’ve relationship with caregivers?

A

having a safe “playground” to try and navigate new things

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16
Q

perspective taking

A

the ability to take another’s point of view into consideration
- individual differences can play an important roel in conflicts between ado and primary caregviers

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17
Q

what is the summary of the method with taking mother-teen parents and analyzing them?

A
  • there is a variation between dyads in emotion dynamics during conflicts
  • some can be related to ado socioemotional skills
  • conlifcts are important for: emotional socialization, managing differing perspectives, ado autonomy development
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18
Q

authoritarative parents

A
  • use warmth
  • firm control
  • rational discipline
  • emphasis on development of self direction
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19
Q

authoritarian parents

A
  • punitive, absoluet, forcegul discipline
  • want obedience and conformity
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20
Q

indulgent parents

A
  • responsive but low demands
  • only concern is the kid’s happiness
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21
Q

indifferent parents

A
  • low responsiveness and demand
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22
Q

socialization

A
  • a 2 way street
  • parents and ados both affect each other’s behaviours
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23
Q

harsh discipline

A
  • leads to increases in ado behaviour problems
24
Q

temperament

A
  • affect in different ways by the same parenting
25
Q

parental acceptance and responsiveness

A
  • giving praise
  • warmth
  • affection
  • paying attentions to the kid’s wants, needs, concerns
26
Q

parental demandingness and control

A
  • setting rules
  • stating clear expectations
  • monitoring kids
27
Q

ado’s outcome with authoritative parenting

A
  • did well in school
  • independent
  • self assured
  • less anxious and depressed
  • less delinquency and drug use
28
Q

ado’s outcome with authoritarian

A
  • more dependent and passive
  • less self assured
  • low self esteem and communication skills
29
Q

ado’s outcome with indulgent

A
  • less mature and responsible
  • more likely to be influenced by friends and peers
30
Q

ado’s outcome with indifferent

A
  • struggle the most
  • little interest in school/work
  • more likely to get involved in delinquency
31
Q

how does authoritative parenting work?

A
  • provides appropriate balance between restrictiveness and autonomy to set standards of self reliance
  • intellectual development for maturity
  • more likely to admire and have better bonds with parents
  • the kid shapes the parenting practices
32
Q

autonomy and attachment in the ado’s fam

A
  • when they can say their own opinions, they have a higher self esteem and mature coping skills
  • when they cant, then they feel more depressed and low self esteem
  • ados without connection will develop behaviour problems
33
Q

as kids mature, _ increases

why?

A

sibling conflict
- more equal, distant
- less emotional intense
- siblings relationship depends on the parent-kid relationship
- sibling relationships can affect ado’s relationship with peers

34
Q

behavioural genetics

A

the scientific study of genetic influences on behaviour

35
Q

molecular genetics

A

the scientific study of the study of the structure and the function of genes

36
Q

alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

37
Q

shared enviromental influences

A

nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same fam similar to each other

38
Q

nonshared enviromental influences

A

nongenetic influences in individual’s lives that make them different from people they live with

39
Q

which influences are the most strong during ado?

A

genetic and nonshared

40
Q

diathesis-stress model

A
  • psyo disorders are the results of an interaction between a preexisting conditions and exposure to stress in the enviroment
  • this is why that some people have the gene, but it won’t show up
41
Q

differential susceptibility theory

A
  • the enviroment that you live in will affect a gene in a particular way
  • -‘ve enviro = developmental problems
  • +’ve enviro = thrive in good enviroment
42
Q

how will siblings have different family experiences

A
  • treated different by parents
  • percieve similar experiences in different ways
  • grew up in the same household at different time in family’s life
  • can treat siblings differently, as long as they are treated well
43
Q

divorce

A
  • US divorce rates started increasing in the 1960s, peaked during the 1980s, and has been declining since
  • marriage rate have gone down and cohabitation rates are up
  • ~1/3 of the people married in 2000s will be divorced in 20 yrs
  • ado will more likely grow up with divorce parents than witness thier parents divorce
44
Q

remarriage

A
  • 2/3 of divorced men and 1/2 of divorced women will remarry
  • most kids of seperated parents will live in a step family
  • most kids will witness a 2nd divorce
  • frequent changes in living arrangments will have a -‘ve affect ados
45
Q

effects of divorce on ado

A
  • the effect of divorce is small in the US because it is common
  • the thing that matters the most is the relationship between the important adult and the ado
  • the process of divorce matters
  • there is multiple factors that plays into how divorce will affect a kid
  • genetic differences relating to divorce maybe passed on
46
Q

which teens are more vulnerable to short-term effects of divorce

A
  • boys
  • younger kids
  • kids with different temper
  • kids without supportive relationships outside the family
  • kids whose parents divorce during an important time in ado
47
Q

children and marital conflict

A
  • more affected when they see it than when it is hidden
  • -‘ve affect when the conflict leads to feelings of insecurity or self blame
  • -‘ve affect when the conflicts has a -‘ve impact on the ado-parent relationship
  • hostile marital conflict -> ado emotional insecurity -> ado behaviour problems
48
Q

after a divorce

A
  • relationship between the ado’s divorced parents is the key factor
  • living with the same-sex parent is good short term, but not in the long term
  • time with the father decreases after a divorce, but having time with the father leads to fewer problems
  • financial support from fathers is linked to less behaviour problems and higher academic achievment
49
Q

affects of remarriage on ados

A
  • ados growing up in step families have more problems than their peers
  • short term effects vary on kids (girls/older kids have more difficulty than boys/younger kids)
  • boys and younger kids have more to gain than girls and older kids from the mother’s remarriage
50
Q

difficulties adjusting to parental remarriage

A
  • stressful when new stepparent relationship is not accommodated
  • may ados have trouble adjusting to new authority figures
  • stepparents also have a tough time adjusting
  • kid adjustment declines after every new family composition changes
  • relationship with noncustodial parent has a big impact on adjustment to stepfam
  • ados close to both father and stepfather have better outcomes
50
Q

the effects of financial strain

A
  • disruptions in parenting
  • increases in aso difficulties (including dimisnished sense of mastery, increased emotional distress/academic/interpersonal problems, and delinquency)
  • increased depression and anxiety in parents
  • ados are at a risk of a variety of problems
51
Q

adoption and ado

A
  • studies of psyo development of ado who have been adopted yield mixed findings
  • adopted individuals show relatively higher rates of delinquency, substance use, psyo difficulties, and poorer school performance
  • magnitudes of differences are very small
  • variations due partly to variability in feelings about being adopted
52
Q

ados with lesbians or gay parents

A
  • sexual orientation may still be considered in adoption, custody, and parental visitation decisions
  • numerous studies have found that have lesbian or gay parents will affect the kid
  • 1 recent study of dutch kids raised by lesbian parents scored higher than opposite-sex kids on tolerance and conflict resolution skills
53
Q

what is foster care

A

a temporary living arrangment when a kid’s parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety

54
Q

foster care and ado

A
  • 1/3 of young people in foster care enter as an ado due to parental maltreatment or delinquency
  • ados who have been in foster care are at an increased risk for being emotional and behavioural problematic
  • the problems above may be a redult from the abuse or neglect that put them in the foster care or from foster care itself
  • when they are old enough, they will be sent back to the parents or become an independent
55
Q

the family importance in ado development

A
  • ados who feel that their parents/guardians are there for them are healthier, happier, and more competent than their peers
  • even though ados need their peers, they still need love and suport from their parents

PSYO 322 (8 decks)

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