Chap. 4 Flashcards
family is a _ system
complex
+‘ve feedback loop
- the change in 1 component leads to a change in the same direction
- increasing will make more of a response
- decreasing will decrease a response
-‘ve feedback loop
- an increase in 1 direction will cause a change in the other direction
what is a disequilibrium
the imbalance in the fam system making 1 individual/relationship change a lot
what is phase transition
- period of greater variability in system dynamics while the system transitions to a new form
midlife crisis
a psyo crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45
ado’d parenting style during the midlife crisis
- 2/3 say that it is the most difficult
- parents mental health problems have a -‘ve effect in the way they interact
changes in balance of power
- ado try to play a more forceful role in the fam, but parents are the ones to slowly adjust
the generational gap
- parents and teens agree on similar beliefs, core values, religion, work, and educatino
- disagree on personal taste (which is influences on forces outside the fam)
what do ado and parents fight about?
mundane things:
- stems from different perspectives
- ados rarely rebel against parents
- conflict increases during early ado
- struggle over authority
do families ask there family members for advice?
yes
what happens if an ado says that they have a bad relationship with thier parents compared to a good one
- -‘ve = more likely to experience depression and anxiety
- +’ve = less depression experiences
who reports having a better relationship between the teen and parent
parents will say they have a better relationship
- in relation to cohesion, pride, and activities
- teens report lower levels
do teens and parents say that they have the same amount of conflict?
yes
what is the effect of having a +’ve relationship with caregivers?
having a safe “playground” to try and navigate new things
perspective taking
the ability to take another’s point of view into consideration
- individual differences can play an important roel in conflicts between ado and primary caregviers
what is the summary of the method with taking mother-teen parents and analyzing them?
- there is a variation between dyads in emotion dynamics during conflicts
- some can be related to ado socioemotional skills
- conlifcts are important for: emotional socialization, managing differing perspectives, ado autonomy development
authoritarative parents
- use warmth
- firm control
- rational discipline
- emphasis on development of self direction
authoritarian parents
- punitive, absoluet, forcegul discipline
- want obedience and conformity
indulgent parents
- responsive but low demands
- only concern is the kid’s happiness
indifferent parents
- low responsiveness and demand
socialization
- a 2 way street
- parents and ados both affect each other’s behaviours
harsh discipline
- leads to increases in ado behaviour problems
temperament
- affect in different ways by the same parenting
parental acceptance and responsiveness
- giving praise
- warmth
- affection
- paying attentions to the kid’s wants, needs, concerns
parental demandingness and control
- setting rules
- stating clear expectations
- monitoring kids
ado’s outcome with authoritative parenting
- did well in school
- independent
- self assured
- less anxious and depressed
- less delinquency and drug use
ado’s outcome with authoritarian
- more dependent and passive
- less self assured
- low self esteem and communication skills
ado’s outcome with indulgent
- less mature and responsible
- more likely to be influenced by friends and peers
ado’s outcome with indifferent
- struggle the most
- little interest in school/work
- more likely to get involved in delinquency
how does authoritative parenting work?
- provides appropriate balance between restrictiveness and autonomy to set standards of self reliance
- intellectual development for maturity
- more likely to admire and have better bonds with parents
- the kid shapes the parenting practices
autonomy and attachment in the ado’s fam
- when they can say their own opinions, they have a higher self esteem and mature coping skills
- when they cant, then they feel more depressed and low self esteem
- ados without connection will develop behaviour problems
as kids mature, _ increases
why?
sibling conflict
- more equal, distant
- less emotional intense
- siblings relationship depends on the parent-kid relationship
- sibling relationships can affect ado’s relationship with peers
behavioural genetics
the scientific study of genetic influences on behaviour
molecular genetics
the scientific study of the study of the structure and the function of genes
alleles
different versions of the same gene
shared enviromental influences
nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same fam similar to each other
nonshared enviromental influences
nongenetic influences in individual’s lives that make them different from people they live with
which influences are the most strong during ado?
genetic and nonshared
diathesis-stress model
- psyo disorders are the results of an interaction between a preexisting conditions and exposure to stress in the enviroment
- this is why that some people have the gene, but it won’t show up
differential susceptibility theory
- the enviroment that you live in will affect a gene in a particular way
- -‘ve enviro = developmental problems
- +’ve enviro = thrive in good enviroment
how will siblings have different family experiences
- treated different by parents
- percieve similar experiences in different ways
- grew up in the same household at different time in family’s life
- can treat siblings differently, as long as they are treated well
divorce
- US divorce rates started increasing in the 1960s, peaked during the 1980s, and has been declining since
- marriage rate have gone down and cohabitation rates are up
- ~1/3 of the people married in 2000s will be divorced in 20 yrs
- ado will more likely grow up with divorce parents than witness thier parents divorce
remarriage
- 2/3 of divorced men and 1/2 of divorced women will remarry
- most kids of seperated parents will live in a step family
- most kids will witness a 2nd divorce
- frequent changes in living arrangments will have a -‘ve affect ados
effects of divorce on ado
- the effect of divorce is small in the US because it is common
- the thing that matters the most is the relationship between the important adult and the ado
- the process of divorce matters
- there is multiple factors that plays into how divorce will affect a kid
- genetic differences relating to divorce maybe passed on
which teens are more vulnerable to short-term effects of divorce
- boys
- younger kids
- kids with different temper
- kids without supportive relationships outside the family
- kids whose parents divorce during an important time in ado
children and marital conflict
- more affected when they see it than when it is hidden
- -‘ve affect when the conflict leads to feelings of insecurity or self blame
- -‘ve affect when the conflicts has a -‘ve impact on the ado-parent relationship
- hostile marital conflict -> ado emotional insecurity -> ado behaviour problems
after a divorce
- relationship between the ado’s divorced parents is the key factor
- living with the same-sex parent is good short term, but not in the long term
- time with the father decreases after a divorce, but having time with the father leads to fewer problems
- financial support from fathers is linked to less behaviour problems and higher academic achievment
affects of remarriage on ados
- ados growing up in step families have more problems than their peers
- short term effects vary on kids (girls/older kids have more difficulty than boys/younger kids)
- boys and younger kids have more to gain than girls and older kids from the mother’s remarriage
difficulties adjusting to parental remarriage
- stressful when new stepparent relationship is not accommodated
- may ados have trouble adjusting to new authority figures
- stepparents also have a tough time adjusting
- kid adjustment declines after every new family composition changes
- relationship with noncustodial parent has a big impact on adjustment to stepfam
- ados close to both father and stepfather have better outcomes
the effects of financial strain
- disruptions in parenting
- increases in aso difficulties (including dimisnished sense of mastery, increased emotional distress/academic/interpersonal problems, and delinquency)
- increased depression and anxiety in parents
- ados are at a risk of a variety of problems
adoption and ado
- studies of psyo development of ado who have been adopted yield mixed findings
- adopted individuals show relatively higher rates of delinquency, substance use, psyo difficulties, and poorer school performance
- magnitudes of differences are very small
- variations due partly to variability in feelings about being adopted
ados with lesbians or gay parents
- sexual orientation may still be considered in adoption, custody, and parental visitation decisions
- numerous studies have found that have lesbian or gay parents will affect the kid
- 1 recent study of dutch kids raised by lesbian parents scored higher than opposite-sex kids on tolerance and conflict resolution skills
what is foster care
a temporary living arrangment when a kid’s parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety
foster care and ado
- 1/3 of young people in foster care enter as an ado due to parental maltreatment or delinquency
- ados who have been in foster care are at an increased risk for being emotional and behavioural problematic
- the problems above may be a redult from the abuse or neglect that put them in the foster care or from foster care itself
- when they are old enough, they will be sent back to the parents or become an independent
the family importance in ado development
- ados who feel that their parents/guardians are there for them are healthier, happier, and more competent than their peers
- even though ados need their peers, they still need love and suport from their parents
