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PSYO 322 > Chap. 3 > Flashcards

Chap. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

ado are more sophisticated compared to kids in what ways

A
  • think about possibilities
  • think about abstract concepts
  • think about thinking
  • think in multi dimensions
  • see things as relative (and move between relative and abstact)
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2
Q

counterfactual thinking

A
  • thinking about how things could have been different and how they might change
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3
Q

deductive reasoning

A

drawing rational conclusions from genreral premises or givens

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4
Q

hypothetical thinking

A

if-then thinking
- seeing what is beyond the observered

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5
Q

what is systematic and abstract thinking

A
  • think about interpersonal relationships, politics, phil, religon, and morality
  • think about friendship, faith, democracy, fairness, and honesty
  • improvement in social thinking affects the abstract thinking
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6
Q

metacognition

A
  • the process of thinking about itself
  • monitoring their own cognitve ability
  • assess how well they learn
  • increased intrpection (own emotional thinking)
  • increased self consciousness
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7
Q

ado egocentrism

A
  • extreme self aborption (david elkind)
    2 types of problems:
  • imgainary audience (everyone is watching them)
  • personal fable (they are unique and don’t have to follow the rules given)
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8
Q

thinking in multi dimensions

A

view things from more than one aspect at a time
- more complicated self conceptions
- describe themselves and others in a complex way
- understand sarcasm

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9
Q

ado relativism

A
  • question other’s more
  • trouble when they see thier parents as relative
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10
Q

piagetian view
abstarct system of logical reasoning

A
  • main thing that seperates ado and kids
  • works in both real life and hypo situations
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11
Q

piagetian view
competence and performance

A
  • seperate what can be done and what they do in real life
  • decisions are marked by errors in logic
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12
Q

piagetian view
research

A

little research in:
- cog development happens in stages
- that there is a unique stage of thinking
advanced
- develops gradually, continuously, and steady

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13
Q

4 areas that improvement occurs in ado

A
  1. attention
  2. memory
  3. processing speed
  4. organization
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14
Q

attention

A
  • selective (1 stimulus)
  • divided (multi stimulus)
  • stop unwanted response
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15
Q

memory

A
  • working (info is held for a short time while a problem is being solved)
  • long term (recall something from a long time ago)
  • autobio (recall personal events)
  • reminiscence bump ( ado memories will be called more than other stages of life)
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16
Q

processing speed

A
  • process info faster
  • biggest increase is in early ado
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17
Q

organization

A
  • improvement in the ability to organize strategies when approaching problems
  • with age, it becomes more efficient
18
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a tech used get pics of the brain
- subhect will be doing an activity while the process is happening

19
Q

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

tech used to get pics of the brain while the brain is making connections in different regions

20
Q

brain development changes

A

brain structure (the physical oranization of the brain)
brain function (pattern of the brain activity)

21
Q

how do scientsts study the different ages of the brain

A
  • Electrocephalography (EEG) (the tech used to measure the electric activity at different regions)
  • event-related potentials (ERPs) (specific stimuli will get a different response in an area of the brain)
22
Q

What is white matter in the brain

A

it provides the support and protection for nuerons

23
Q

developmental plasticity

A

reshaping of the brain during ado and childhood which the brian is maturing

24
Q

adult plasticity

A

minor changes to the brain because of the experiences in adulthood

25
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the region of the brain thats incharge of the sophisticated thinking:
- planning
- thinking
- weighing risks
- controlling impluses

26
Q

limbic system

A

area of the brain that’s important for processing:
- emotions
- social info
- rewards
- punishments

27
Q

changes involving the prefrontal cortex

A
  1. response inhibiton (the suppression of behaviour that isn’t needed)
  2. executive functioning (advanced thinking)
28
Q

Functional activity

A

multiple regions of the brain function at the same time and it improves during ado

29
Q

Dopamine and serotonin

A

D: the nuerotransmitter thats important for the regulation of the experience of rewards
S: a nuerotransmitter for the experience of different moods
these make the ado sensitive to different emotions and sensation seeking rewards

30
Q

Social brain

A
  • more sensitive to facial expressions/social cues
  • increased sensititivity to social evaluation
  • more susceptible to peer pressure
  • variance in how ados can influence others
  • may feel more embarrassment
31
Q

social cognition

A

the concerned thinking about others, interpersonal relations, and social institutions

32
Q

area of research on social cog

A
  1. theory of mind
  2. thinking about social relationships
  3. understanding social conventions
  4. conceptions pf laws, civil liberites, and rights
33
Q

theory of mind

A

the understanding of others personalities and psych states (and how it can be diff from our own)
- leads to improve communition/rebellion

34
Q

mentalizing

A

the ability to undersatnd someone else’s mental state

35
Q

thinking about social relationships

A

changes to the understanding of relationships
effects:
- how ado perceive peer exclusion
- beliefs about authority
- willingness to question parent’s rules
- view of teachers’ authority

36
Q

understanding social conventions

A

the norms that govern everyday behaviour in social situations
- seen as arbitrary
- they regulate people’s behaviour and coordinate reactions with people

37
Q

conceptions of laws, civil liberties, right

A
  • some laws shouldn’t be restricted
  • laws are there for the community
38
Q

behavioural decision theory

A
  1. identify alt. choices
  2. identify possible consquences of each choice
  3. exaluate the cost of consequence
  4. assess the odds of consequence
  5. combine all info to make a decision
    an approach to understand ado risk taking
39
Q

why are ado more likely to engage in risky behaviour

A
  • think more about peer’s opinions and reactions
  • pay more attention to rewards (adults look at risks more)
40
Q

emotional and contextual influence on risk

A
  • quality of ado decision making decline when they are emotionally aroused
  • high in sensation seeking are gonna take more risks
41
Q

sensation seeking

A

pursuite of experiences that are novel or exciting

42
Q

reduce ado risk taking

A
  • little evidence for class room education avoid risky behaviour
  • more likely to be swayed by personal experience
  • limiting teens’ ability to take risks
  • help them find safe and +’ve risks

PSYO 322 (8 decks)

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