Interpersonal Flashcards
Interpersonal
Two or more persons interacting with each other
Social Spaces
are the various contexts of our interpersonal encounters
Social Norms
In our interpersonal spaces, acknowledging each other, usually by greetings (for example, good morning; good afternoon) is perhaps the most basic way of establishing our human connection
Interpersonal Communication
the quality of contact that emerges between people whenever they are able to highlight in their interaction aspects of what make them human
Quantitative -Dyadic
the “danger” of thinking about communication as quantitative is that we may operate in impersonal rather than person ways with each other.
Qualitative
people treat each other as unique human beings” regardless of the context of interaction.
Uniqueness
social rules are tailored in the interaction to establish a “personal” connection with each other.
Irreplaceability
because our relationship with a person is unique, he/she cannot be replaced. No one has the exact combination of experiences, history, qualities, skills, abilities etc, as another person.
Interdependence
at the most basic level, the fate of partners in interpersonal relationship is connected. Eg., our moods often change to match the mood of the person with whom we are interacting (emotional contagion)
Disclosure
the degree of information we are willing to reveal about ourselves to another person tells a lot about the quality of interaction/ relationship. For example, it may not be normal/customary to reveal very personal details about one’s self to a stranger, however, it is possible to establish a strong qualitative connection with a stranger in a fleeting encounter in which a person feels ‘comfortable’ to disclose. As noted before, fleeting encounters can potentially have a lasting impact on individuals. Such a behavior however, may be influenced by one’s communication needs in the moment.
Intrinsic rewards
This speaks to the extent to which the interaction/relationship offers a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction.
Computer Mediated Communication
Face to face communication isn’t the only way people can create and maintain personal relationships. Along with telephone and old fashioned correspondence, Computer Mediated Communication- CMC provides another way to interact
Experiential Learning
Experiential learning is defined by Johnson & Johnson (1997) as generating an action theory from your own experiences and then continually modifying it to improve your effectiveness
Self disclosure
s the process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and which would not be normally known by others (Adler and Towne, 2000).
Feedback
in this context, refers to the information we get from people with whom we interact.
Self Talk
may be defined as holding an internal dialogue with yourself. These inner conversations have a powerful impact on emotional well-being and motivation.
self-fulfilling prophecy.
When you predict a negative outcome, you may be creating a
Personality inventories
are described as those instruments that are designed to assess personal, emotional and social traits/behaviours, as distinguished from instruments that measure aptitudes, achievements and interests.
Narrative tone
s the expression of one’s attitude (towards life). It is influenced by the quality psychological development (trust vs mis-trust) within the first two years of one’s life. It indicates a person’s underlying faith in the possibilities of human intention and behaviour.
Imagery
This involves the use of vivid descriptive or figurative language to represent object or ideas and stimulate the senses (hearing, feeling, seeing, smelling, taste). Important sources for the development of images are the family and culture
Interpersonal Theory
This theory holds the assumption that individuals are driven to interact with others for several reasons including:
reduce anxiety
affirm each other’s self concept
(Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953 & George Herbert Meade, 1934)
Self concept
may be described as the cognitive (thinking) aspect of the self.
Social Comparison theory
(Festinger, 1954) involves evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare to others.
Cognitive Conservatism
seek out information that conforms to an existing self-concept
Internal sources
internal standards and self guide
External sources
derive mainly from interactions with others – including those from childhood experiences with parents; other adults.
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
This occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the event more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true.
IDENTITY MANAGEMENT
The communication strategies individuals use to influence how others view them.
involves making striking contradictions between the public personal and the private self.
Self Monitoring
It is the ability and desire to regulate one’s public expressiveness to fit the clues and/or requirements of the situation.
perception
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment and their experiences.
(Robbins, 1996
Stereotyping
A process of organizing data
Punctuation
A process of organizing our interactions
The Perceiver
When an individual looks at a target what he/she sees is heavily influenced by personal characteristics:
- Attitudes, motives, interests, past experience
The Target
Characteristics in the target that is being observed can affect what is perceived:
Motion, size, sound
Its background
The Situation
The environment in which the person or object is seen; or where an event took place
Cultural differences
Culture is a powerful factor in shaping perception. Every culture has its own world view.
Shared Narratives
Our interaction with other individuals and groups creates a shared perception of the world. The term “narrative” reflects the notion that humans make sense of the world by spinning a kind of story to explain events.
Self-Serving Bias
We often tend to judge ourselves more generously than we judge others
Halo/Horn Effect
We tend to be influenced by what is most obvious
We tend to cling to first impressions
We tend to assume others are similar to us
Perception checking
is an important approach to ensuring that we do not assume that our first interpretation is correct or be treated as facts.
Empathy
Empathy is the ability to re-create another’s perspective; to experience the world from another’s point of view.
Perspective Taking
An attempt to take on the viewpoint of another person – set aside your own judgment/opinions and try to understand the other person
Emotional Taking
The ability to get close to experiencing others’ feelings: to get a sense of their fear, joy, sadness, anger, frustration, etc.
Genuine Concern
It is going beyond just thinking and feeling as the individual, and expressing genuine care about another’s well being.
Emotions
Emotions are the activation of a set of chemicals within our bodies which determine how we respond or react to stimulus/stimuli.
Emotions therefore have cognitive and physiological elements and influence behaviour.
Emotional intelligence
the ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions and be sensitive to others’ feelings.
facilitative emotions
contribute to effective functioning
debilitative emotions
detract from effective functioning
The fallacy of perfection
“I should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill”
The fallacy of approval
it is vital, not just desirable to get approval from everyone
The fallacy of shoulds
there is no distinction between what is and what should be
The fallacy of causation
Emotions are caused by others rather than one’s own self-talk
The fallacy of helplessness
Satisfaction in life is determined by sources beyond our control
Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
human thought, emotions and behavior are significantly interrelated
Recall Schacther-Singer two-factor theory
emotions and feelings we experience are strongly determined by the interpretation or cognitive labels we select.
Interpersonal Attraction
defined as the evaluation one person makes of another along a dimension that ranges from strong liking to strong dislike
(Baron & Byrne, 2000)
Collectivist cultures
Generally do not reach out to outsiders, often waiting until they are properly introduced before entering into conversation
Individualistic cultures
Make fewer distinctions between personal relationships and casual ones
Loneliness
A psychological state that results when we perceive a discrepancy between want we want and what actually get from our relationships (Peplau & Perlman, 1982)
Social Anxiety
Is a feeling of discomfort that arises from a person’s expectations of negative encounters with others
Self-Disclosure
The process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and would not normally be known by others
