Crim 2

Question 1

Power

Answer 1

is the ability to mobilize collective energies, commitments, and efforts.
There are two main types of power
Personal power
Social power

Question 2

Personal power

Answer 2

is the freedom to choose, to design one’s own destiny.

Question 3

Social power

Answer 3

The ability to affect public affairs even if others oppose you.
Formal and informal

Question 4

Formal social power

Answer 4

Thew prrogatives that legitimately o with an office such as the presidency of a nation or company.

Question 5

Informal social power

Answer 5

People who have influence in the society.
Those who have this power are able to influence legislation to their own advantage and/ or the disadvantage of others.
Certain individuals with “pull” can avoid detection of criminal acts; (or prevent acts from being defined as “criminal” or, if caught, can avoid or at least minimise punishment.

Question 6

Alternative dispute resolution

Answer 6

an umbrella term that has been used to describe processes - other than the processes of the traditional justice system - used to settle disputes.

Question 7

Mediation

Answer 7

Dispute resolution process that uses as neutral third party mediation to assist coordinate a persuasive communication designed to effect a compromise.

Question 8

Arbitration

Answer 8

Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court.

Question 9

Concurrent Sentence

Answer 9

A concurrent sentence is a sentence that runs simultaneously with another sentence
A concurrent sentence is a sentence given to a person convicted of
multiple crimes that combines the terms of those respective sentences into one and allows the person to serve them simultaneously. For example, for related crimes such as burglary and aggravated assault within the same event, a judge might hand down a ten-year sentence and a five-year sentence but allow the terms of confinement to be done together. So instead of fifteen years, the offender would serve ten years.

Question 10

Consecutive Sentence

Answer 10

Consecutive sentences run one after the other

A consecutive sentence is a sentence given to a person convicted of
multiple crimes that requires each sentence to be served separately. For example, if a person is convicted of two charges and the judge sentences them to three years in prison for Count 1 and two years for Count 2, the prison sentence will be a total of five years if the sentences are served consecutively

Question 11

recidivist

Answer 11

repeat offender

Question 12

Remission

Answer 12

the complete ending of a sentence before the full term of your sentence has been completed

Question 13

Suspended Sentence

Answer 13

A suspended sentence is an incarceration sentence which has been set aside for a period of time

A suspended sentence is a sentence that will not be carried out if the
offender does not commit another crime within a particular period. For example, if the defendant completes the term of probation without any violations, the suspended sentence can be discharged. The defendant will still end up with a criminal conviction on their record,
but they can avoid jail time

Question 14

Parole

Answer 14

an early release from prison after you have served a portion of your sentence, no re-adjust to society with aid of a parole officer

Parole is permission for a prisoner to be released before their period in prison is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well

Question 15

Probation

Answer 15

This is a stipulated period of time during which a person convicted of a crime has to be on good behaviour to prevent being sent to prison

Probation is a sentence handed down to offenders in lieu of jail time. While on probation, the offender is allowed to continue living in the community as long as he follows the terms and conditions outlined by the judge or the probation officer to which he is assigned

Question 16

Custodial Sentence:

Answer 16

A custodial sentence is a judicial sentence, imposing a punishment
consisting of mandatory custody of the convict, either in prison or in some other closed therapeutic or educational institution. For example, a person found guilty of a serious crime might be sentenced to a period of incarceration

Question 17

Non-Custodial Sentence:

Answer 17

A non-custodial sentence is a sentence that does not require time
in jail. For example, a judge might order a person to pay a fine or perform community service instead of serving time in jail

Question 18

House Arrest

Answer 18

House arrest is an official order for a person to stay at their home, usually
because they are suspected of being involved in an illegal activity

Question 19

Electronic Monitoring:

Answer 19

Electronic monitoring is a monitoring system that often includes a
residential phone line, a monitoring device, and the utilization of an ankle bracelet or wrist bracelet that can monitor a subject’s location

Question 20

Community Service:

Answer 20

Community service is work done by a person or group of people that
benefits others. It is often done near the area where you live, so your own community reaps the benefits of your work. You do not get paid to perform community service, though sometimes food and small gifts, like a t-shirt, are given to volunteers. For example, working with schoolchildren, tutoring children after school, collecting school supplies to donate,
planting a school garden

Answer 21

philosophy of full-service personalized policing, where
the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems”

Question 22

moral panic

Answer 22

an exaggerated media reaction to behaviour that deviates from the norms and values of society and causes moral entrepreneurs, such as the police, church leaders, politicians, and the media themselves, to question whether the moral fabric of society is falling apart.

Question 23

Philosophy

Answer 23

“Community policingPhilosophy The CBP philosophy asserts that the problems of crime, fear of crime, public disorder and community safety require the police to provide twenty-four hours full service policing, both proactive and reactive, by involving the communities directly as partners in the process of identifying, setting priorities and solving problems.

Question 24

Personalized

Answer 24

By providing the community with its own community policing officer(s),
community-based policing breaks down the anonymity on both sides—police officers and citizens get to know each other as individuals.

Question 25

Policing

Answer 25

Community-based police officers maintain effective law enforcement focus. They answer calls and make arrest like any other officer, but they also concentrate on proactive, practical problem-solving in their area.

Question 26

Patrol

Answer 26

Community police officers work and patrol their communities mainly on foot, thereby having regular personal contact with community members. This removes them from the isolation of the police car. Community police officers have also found the use of bicycles to be highly effective, particularly in open spaces.

Question 27

Permanent

Answer 27

Community-based policing requires assigning community policing officers over a longer term to a beat or a neighbourhood, in which they develop relationships and build partnerships with community members.

Question 28

Place

Answer 28

CBP officers work directly from neighbourhood localities, where they carry out, among other things, criminal investigation. CBP officers feel a sense of responsibility for their assigned areas, which gives them a chance to tailor their response to meet the needs of the community. This kind of decentralization allows police officers to make decisions and to
deal directly in problem-solving.

Question 29

Proactive

Answer 29

Community-based policing balances reactive responses to crime incidents and emergencies with proactive initiatives with residents to preventing problems before they occur or escalate. This is extremely important for high crime areas: responding to crime does not reduce the incidence of crime. Addressing problems that cause conflicts to escalate
does reduce the incidence crime.

Question 30

Partnership

Answer 30

Community policing encourages partnership-building between the citizens and their police based on mutual respect, trust and support. If the citizens trust that their police officers will faithfully and even-handedly execute the law and apprehend individuals who break the law, they will have confidence in the officer’s integrity and will work with the
officer to create a more secure community.

Question 31

Problem- solving

Answer 31

Community-based policing redefines the role of the police to focus on
helping to solve problems, so that success or failure depends on problems solved (qualitative outcome), rather than just solely on arrests made and summonses served, i.e., “numbers policing” (or quantitative results). However, the police needs to be accountable for their
performance on behalf of the public they serve. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative
measures are necessary.

Question 32

Police

Answer 32

as the governmental department charged with the
regulation and control of the affairs of a
community, now chiefly the department
established to maintain order, enforce the
law, and prevent and detect crime.

Question 33

victim

Answer 33

an (unfortunate) persons who suffers from adverse circumstances

Question 34

Victimilogy

Answer 34

the scientific study of victimisation including the relationship between victims and offenders, the interaction between victims and criminal justice system and the connection between victims and societal groups and institutions

Question 35

Victim precipitation theory

Answer 35

the degree to which the victim is responsible for their own
victimisation

Question 36

Routine activities theory

Answer 36

it’s is environmental place based. Produced by Cohen and
Felson. Motivated offenders and suitable victims meet in a place and there are no guardians

Question 37

Deviant place theory

Answer 37

the more one is in dangerous and high crime the more likely you
will be a victim.

Question 38

Lifestyle theory of victimisation

Answer 38

the likelihood of becoming a victim is based on your
lifestyle choices. Detterance strategies can be applied to determine how safe you can remain

Question 39

Negotiation

Answer 39

dispute resolution allows people to ocntol the process and the conflict

Question 40

Arbitration

Answer 40

allow ppl to make an initial decision that they want their disupte decided and deaolved by a neutral 3rd party (arbitrator) who then takes control of the process and renders a decision or solution

Question 41

Mediation

Answer 41

uses a neutral third party (mediator) to assist and coordinate a persuasive communication desgined to effect a compromise

Question 42

Restorative Justice

Answer 42

If individuals want to adress harm dispute resolution process brings all the parties with a stake in particular wrong-
doing together to solve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the wrongdoing (harm, i.e., broken relationship, hurt) and its implication on the future

Question 43

Dispute

Answer 43

dispute is an argument or disagreement
argue about a statement or face; to question the truth or validity

Question 44

conflict

Answer 44

is a serious disagreement or argument
incompatibility between opinions and principles
“prolonged armed struggle”

Question 45

Watchman

Answer 45

Control and order - order maintenance is central and prior to crime management.

Police exercise discretion and real with many infractions in an informal way-
except over murder

Question 46

Legalistic

Answer 46

Marked by professionalism and emphasis on law enforcement.

Question 47

Service (or suburban) styles

Answer 47

Deals with misdeeds or residents in a personal, non-public, non-threatening
way.
Each being associated with the three types of police/citizens encounter, that is.

Policing and Functions 3

In order maintenance
Law enforcement
Service delivery respectively