Crim 2 Flashcards
Power
is the ability to mobilize collective energies, commitments, and efforts.
There are two main types of power
Personal power
Social power
Personal power
is the freedom to choose, to design one’s own destiny.
Social power
The ability to affect public affairs even if others oppose you.
Formal and informal
Formal social power
Thew prrogatives that legitimately o with an office such as the presidency of a nation or company.
Informal social power
People who have influence in the society.
Those who have this power are able to influence legislation to their own advantage and/ or the disadvantage of others.
Certain individuals with “pull” can avoid detection of criminal acts; (or prevent acts from being defined as “criminal” or, if caught, can avoid or at least minimise punishment.
Alternative dispute resolution
an umbrella term that has been used to describe processes - other than the processes of the traditional justice system - used to settle disputes.
Mediation
Dispute resolution process that uses as neutral third party mediation to assist coordinate a persuasive communication designed to effect a compromise.
Arbitration
Arbitration is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute. In choosing arbitration, the parties opt for a private dispute resolution procedure instead of going to court.
Concurrent Sentence
A concurrent sentence is a sentence that runs simultaneously with another sentence
A concurrent sentence is a sentence given to a person convicted of
multiple crimes that combines the terms of those respective sentences into one and allows the person to serve them simultaneously. For example, for related crimes such as burglary and aggravated assault within the same event, a judge might hand down a ten-year sentence and a five-year sentence but allow the terms of confinement to be done together. So instead of fifteen years, the offender would serve ten years.
Consecutive Sentence
Consecutive sentences run one after the other
A consecutive sentence is a sentence given to a person convicted of
multiple crimes that requires each sentence to be served separately. For example, if a person is convicted of two charges and the judge sentences them to three years in prison for Count 1 and two years for Count 2, the prison sentence will be a total of five years if the sentences are served consecutively
recidivist
repeat offender
Remission
the complete ending of a sentence before the full term of your sentence has been completed
Suspended Sentence
A suspended sentence is an incarceration sentence which has been set aside for a period of time
A suspended sentence is a sentence that will not be carried out if the
offender does not commit another crime within a particular period. For example, if the defendant completes the term of probation without any violations, the suspended sentence can be discharged. The defendant will still end up with a criminal conviction on their record,
but they can avoid jail time
Parole
an early release from prison after you have served a portion of your sentence, no re-adjust to society with aid of a parole officer
Parole is permission for a prisoner to be released before their period in prison is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well
Probation
This is a stipulated period of time during which a person convicted of a crime has to be on good behaviour to prevent being sent to prison
Probation is a sentence handed down to offenders in lieu of jail time. While on probation, the offender is allowed to continue living in the community as long as he follows the terms and conditions outlined by the judge or the probation officer to which he is assigned
Custodial Sentence:
A custodial sentence is a judicial sentence, imposing a punishment
consisting of mandatory custody of the convict, either in prison or in some other closed therapeutic or educational institution. For example, a person found guilty of a serious crime might be sentenced to a period of incarceration
Non-Custodial Sentence:
A non-custodial sentence is a sentence that does not require time
in jail. For example, a judge might order a person to pay a fine or perform community service instead of serving time in jail
House Arrest
House arrest is an official order for a person to stay at their home, usually
because they are suspected of being involved in an illegal activity
Electronic Monitoring:
Electronic monitoring is a monitoring system that often includes a
residential phone line, a monitoring device, and the utilization of an ankle bracelet or wrist bracelet that can monitor a subject’s location
Community Service:
Community service is work done by a person or group of people that
benefits others. It is often done near the area where you live, so your own community reaps the benefits of your work. You do not get paid to perform community service, though sometimes food and small gifts, like a t-shirt, are given to volunteers. For example, working with schoolchildren, tutoring children after school, collecting school supplies to donate,
planting a school garden
philosophy of full-service personalized policing, where
the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems”
moral panic
an exaggerated media reaction to behaviour that deviates from the norms and values of society and causes moral entrepreneurs, such as the police, church leaders, politicians, and the media themselves, to question whether the moral fabric of society is falling apart.
Philosophy
“Community policingPhilosophy The CBP philosophy asserts that the problems of crime, fear of crime, public disorder and community safety require the police to provide twenty-four hours full service policing, both proactive and reactive, by involving the communities directly as partners in the process of identifying, setting priorities and solving problems.
Personalized
By providing the community with its own community policing officer(s),
community-based policing breaks down the anonymity on both sides—police officers and citizens get to know each other as individuals.
Policing
Community-based police officers maintain effective law enforcement focus. They answer calls and make arrest like any other officer, but they also concentrate on proactive, practical problem-solving in their area.
Patrol
Community police officers work and patrol their communities mainly on foot, thereby having regular personal contact with community members. This removes them from the isolation of the police car. Community police officers have also found the use of bicycles to be highly effective, particularly in open spaces.
Permanent
Community-based policing requires assigning community policing officers over a longer term to a beat or a neighbourhood, in which they develop relationships and build partnerships with community members.
Place
CBP officers work directly from neighbourhood localities, where they carry out, among other things, criminal investigation. CBP officers feel a sense of responsibility for their assigned areas, which gives them a chance to tailor their response to meet the needs of the community. This kind of decentralization allows police officers to make decisions and to
deal directly in problem-solving.
Proactive
Community-based policing balances reactive responses to crime incidents and emergencies with proactive initiatives with residents to preventing problems before they occur or escalate. This is extremely important for high crime areas: responding to crime does not reduce the incidence of crime. Addressing problems that cause conflicts to escalate
does reduce the incidence crime.
Partnership
Community policing encourages partnership-building between the citizens and their police based on mutual respect, trust and support. If the citizens trust that their police officers will faithfully and even-handedly execute the law and apprehend individuals who break the law, they will have confidence in the officer’s integrity and will work with the
officer to create a more secure community.
Problem- solving
Community-based policing redefines the role of the police to focus on
helping to solve problems, so that success or failure depends on problems solved (qualitative outcome), rather than just solely on arrests made and summonses served, i.e., “numbers policing” (or quantitative results). However, the police needs to be accountable for their
performance on behalf of the public they serve. Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative
measures are necessary.
Police
as the governmental department charged with the
regulation and control of the affairs of a
community, now chiefly the department
established to maintain order, enforce the
law, and prevent and detect crime.
victim
an (unfortunate) persons who suffers from adverse circumstances
Victimilogy
the scientific study of victimisation including the relationship between victims and offenders, the interaction between victims and criminal justice system and the connection between victims and societal groups and institutions
Victim precipitation theory
the degree to which the victim is responsible for their own
victimisation
Routine activities theory
it’s is environmental place based. Produced by Cohen and
Felson. Motivated offenders and suitable victims meet in a place and there are no guardians
Deviant place theory
the more one is in dangerous and high crime the more likely you
will be a victim.
Lifestyle theory of victimisation
the likelihood of becoming a victim is based on your
lifestyle choices. Detterance strategies can be applied to determine how safe you can remain
Negotiation
dispute resolution allows people to ocntol the process and the conflict
Arbitration
allow ppl to make an initial decision that they want their disupte decided and deaolved by a neutral 3rd party (arbitrator) who then takes control of the process and renders a decision or solution
Mediation
uses a neutral third party (mediator) to assist and coordinate a persuasive communication desgined to effect a compromise
Restorative Justice
If individuals want to adress harm dispute resolution process brings all the parties with a stake in particular wrong-
doing together to solve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the wrongdoing (harm, i.e., broken relationship, hurt) and its implication on the future
Dispute
dispute is an argument or disagreement
argue about a statement or face; to question the truth or validity
conflict
is a serious disagreement or argument
incompatibility between opinions and principles
“prolonged armed struggle”
Watchman
Control and order - order maintenance is central and prior to crime management.
Police exercise discretion and real with many infractions in an informal way-
except over murder
Legalistic
Marked by professionalism and emphasis on law enforcement.
Service (or suburban) styles
Deals with misdeeds or residents in a personal, non-public, non-threatening
way.
Each being associated with the three types of police/citizens encounter, that is.
Policing and Functions 3
In order maintenance
Law enforcement
Service delivery respectively
