Behaviour Management Flashcards
Behaviour Modification
is the applied science and professional practice concerned with analysing and modifying human behaviour.
Analysing behaviour
identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and a particular behaviour to understand the reason/cause for the behaviour.
Modifying behaviour
developing and implementing procedures to help people change their behaviour. It involves altering environmental events so as to influence behaviour.
behavior excess
an undesirable target behaviour the person wants to decrease in frequency, duration, or intensityExamples of behavior excesses include overeating, alcohol abuse, telling lies, and anxiety responses such as sweaty palms and rapid heartbeat.
Behavior deficit
ta desirable target behaviour the person wants to increase in frequency, duration, or intensity . Examples of behavior deficits include remaining silent instead of speaking up for one’s rights, attending work sporadically, turning in few class assignments, and lack of sexual arousal to a spouse.
target behaviour
the behaviour to be modified
self-monitoring.
When the client observes and records his or her own target behaviour
frequency
of a behaviour is the number of times the behaviour occurs in an observation period
duration
of a behaviour is the total amount of time occupied by the behaviour from start to finish
real-time recording
method in which the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behaviour is recorded
latency
the behaviour is the time from some stimulus or event to the onset of the behaviour
percentage of opportunities
the observer records the occurrence of a behaviour in relation to some other event and reports the results as the percentage of opportunities in which the behaviour occurred
Product recording
is an indirect assessment method that can be used when a behaviour results in a certain tangible outcome that you are interested in.
Interval recording
occurs when an observer records whether the behaviour occurred during consecutive time periods.
time sample recording
you divide the observation period into intervals of time, but you observe and record the behaviour during only part of each interval.
recording instrument
is what the observer uses to register or make a permanent product of the occurrence of the behaviour.
reactivity
Sometimes the process of recording a behaviour causes the behaviour to change, even before any treatment is implemented
Reinforcement
the process in which a behaviour is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence.
operant behaviour
A behaviour that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement
reinforcer
The consequence that strengthens an operant behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
Behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a reinforcer) and the behaviour is strengthened.
Negative Reinforcement
Behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (a punisher / aversive stimulus) and the behaviour is strengthened
aversive stimulus.
In negative reinforcement, the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behaviour is
social reinforcement
When a behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person, the process
automatic reinforcement.
When the behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment, the process
Immediacy
A stimulus is more effective as a reinforcer when it is delivered immediately after the behaviour.
Contingency
A stimulus is more effective as a reinforcer when it is delivered contingent on the behaviour.
Motivating Operations
Establishing operations make a stimulus more effective as a reinforcer at a particular time. Abolishing operations make a stimulus less potent as a reinforcer at a particular time.
Individual Differences
Reinforcers vary from person to person.
Magnitude
Generally, a more intense stimulus is a more effective reinforcer.
spontaneous recovery
One other characteristic of extinction is that the behaviour may occur again even after it has not occurred for some time
punisher
(also called an aversive stimulus) is a consequence that makes a particular behaviour less likely to occur in the future.
Punishment
process in which the consequence of a behaviour results in a future decrease in the occurrence of that behaviour
time-out
the person is removed from a reinforcing situation for a brief period after the problem behaviour occurs.
antecedents
behaviour are the stimuli, events, situations, or circumstances that are present when the behaviour occurs or were present immediately before the behaviour.
stimulus control
A behaviour is said to be under stimulus control when there is an increased probability that the behaviour will occur in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus or a stimulus from a specific stimulus class.
discriminative stimulus
The antecedent stimulus that is present when a behaviour is reinforced
stimulus discrimination training
The process of reinforcing a behaviour only when a specific antecedent stimulus (SD) is present
Generalization
a term which describes the fact that the control acquired by a stimulus is shared by other stimuli with common properties.
behavioural chain
A complex behaviour consisting of many component behaviours that occur together in a sequence
chaining procedures.
Strategies for teaching complex tasks (behavioural chains)
Backward chaining
is an intensive training procedure typically used with learners with limited abilities.
Forward chaining
similar to backward chaining in that you teach one component of the chain at a time and then chain the components together
total task presentation
the complex chain of behaviours is taught as a single unit.
Prompting and fading
Prompting involves the use of strategies to encourage correct responses, whereas fading involves reducing the prompt as the client becomes accustomed to providing the correct response. The goal of fading is to ensure that the client doesn’t become dependent on the prompt to complete the desired task.
Instructions
describe the appropriate behaviour for the learner
live modelling
another person demonstrates the appropriate behaviour in the appropriate situation.
symbolic modelling,
the correct behaviour is demonstrated on video, audio, or possibly in a cartoon or a movie.
Rehearsal
is the opportunity for the learner to practice the behaviour after receiving instructions or watching a model demonstrate the behaviour.
feedback
specifically defined as the delivery of praise for correct performance and further instruction after incorrect performance
self-management.
When a person uses behaviour modification procedures to change his or her own behaviour, the process
Nervous habits
involve repetitive, manipulative behaviours that are believed to be most likely to occur when the person experiences heightened nervous tension.
Motor tics
are repetitive, jerking movements of a particular muscle group in the body. They usually involve muscles in the neck or face but may also involve the shoulders, arms, hands, legs, or torso.
vocal tic
a repetitive vocal sound that does not serve a social function. Examples of vocal tics are throat clearing when there is no reason to clear the throat and coughing when the person is not sick. Vocal tics may also involve other sounds or words. Tourette’s disorder is a tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal tics
Stuttering,
type of speech dysfluency in which the person repeats words or syllables, prolongs the sound of a word or syllable, or blocks on a word (makes no sound for a period of time while trying to say a word)
