Behaviour Management

Question 1

Behaviour Modification

Answer 1

is the applied science and professional practice concerned with analysing and modifying human behaviour.

Question 2

Analysing behaviour

Answer 2

identifying the functional relationship between environmental events and a particular behaviour to understand the reason/cause for the behaviour.

Question 3

Modifying behaviour

Answer 3

developing and implementing procedures to help people change their behaviour. It involves altering environmental events so as to influence behaviour.

Question 4

behavior excess

Answer 4

an undesirable target behaviour the person wants to decrease in frequency, duration, or intensityExamples of behavior excesses include overeating, alcohol abuse, telling lies, and anxiety responses such as sweaty palms and rapid heartbeat.

Question 5

Behavior deficit

Answer 5

ta desirable target behaviour the person wants to increase in frequency, duration, or intensity . Examples of behavior deficits include remaining silent instead of speaking up for one’s rights, attending work sporadically, turning in few class assignments, and lack of sexual arousal to a spouse.

Question 6

target behaviour

Answer 6

the behaviour to be modified

Question 7

self-monitoring.

Answer 7

When the client observes and records his or her own target behaviour

Question 8

frequency

Answer 8

of a behaviour is the number of times the behaviour occurs in an observation period

Question 9

duration

Answer 9

of a behaviour is the total amount of time occupied by the behaviour from start to finish

Question 10

real-time recording

Answer 10

method in which the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behaviour is recorded

Question 11

latency

Answer 11

the behaviour is the time from some stimulus or event to the onset of the behaviour

Question 12

percentage of opportunities

Answer 12

the observer records the occurrence of a behaviour in relation to some other event and reports the results as the percentage of opportunities in which the behaviour occurred

Question 13

Product recording

Answer 13

is an indirect assessment method that can be used when a behaviour results in a certain tangible outcome that you are interested in.

Question 14

Interval recording

Answer 14

occurs when an observer records whether the behaviour occurred during consecutive time periods.

Question 15

time sample recording

Answer 15

you divide the observation period into intervals of time, but you observe and record the behaviour during only part of each interval.

Question 16

recording instrument

Answer 16

is what the observer uses to register or make a permanent product of the occurrence of the behaviour.

Question 17

reactivity

Answer 17

Sometimes the process of recording a behaviour causes the behaviour to change, even before any treatment is implemented

Question 18

Reinforcement

Answer 18

the process in which a behaviour is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence.

Question 19

operant behaviour

Answer 19

A behaviour that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement

Question 20

reinforcer

Answer 20

The consequence that strengthens an operant behaviour

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

Behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a reinforcer) and the behaviour is strengthened.

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

Behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (a punisher / aversive stimulus) and the behaviour is strengthened

Question 23

aversive stimulus.

Answer 23

In negative reinforcement, the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behaviour is

Question 24

social reinforcement

Answer 24

When a behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person, the process

Question 25

automatic reinforcement.

Answer 25

When the behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment, the process

Question 26

Immediacy

Answer 26

A stimulus is more effective as a reinforcer when it is delivered immediately after the behaviour.

Question 27

Contingency

Answer 27

A stimulus is more effective as a reinforcer when it is delivered contingent on the behaviour.

Question 28

Motivating Operations

Answer 28

Establishing operations make a stimulus more effective as a reinforcer at a particular time. Abolishing operations make a stimulus less potent as a reinforcer at a particular time.

Question 29

Individual Differences

Answer 29

Reinforcers vary from person to person.

Question 30

Magnitude

Answer 30

Generally, a more intense stimulus is a more effective reinforcer.

Question 31

spontaneous recovery

Answer 31

One other characteristic of extinction is that the behaviour may occur again even after it has not occurred for some time

Question 32

punisher

Answer 32

(also called an aversive stimulus) is a consequence that makes a particular behaviour less likely to occur in the future.

Question 33

Punishment

Answer 33

process in which the consequence of a behaviour results in a future decrease in the occurrence of that behaviour

Question 34

time-out

Answer 34

the person is removed from a reinforcing situation for a brief period after the problem behaviour occurs.

Question 35

antecedents

Answer 35

behaviour are the stimuli, events, situations, or circumstances that are present when the behaviour occurs or were present immediately before the behaviour.

Question 36

stimulus control

Answer 36

A behaviour is said to be under stimulus control when there is an increased probability that the behaviour will occur in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus or a stimulus from a specific stimulus class.

Question 37

discriminative stimulus

Answer 37

The antecedent stimulus that is present when a behaviour is reinforced

Question 38

stimulus discrimination training

Answer 38

The process of reinforcing a behaviour only when a specific antecedent stimulus (SD) is present

Question 39

Generalization

Answer 39

a term which describes the fact that the control acquired by a stimulus is shared by other stimuli with common properties.

Question 40

behavioural chain

Answer 40

A complex behaviour consisting of many component behaviours that occur together in a sequence

Question 41

chaining procedures.

Answer 41

Strategies for teaching complex tasks (behavioural chains)

Question 42

Backward chaining

Answer 42

is an intensive training procedure typically used with learners with limited abilities.

Question 43

Forward chaining

Answer 43

similar to backward chaining in that you teach one component of the chain at a time and then chain the components together

Question 44

total task presentation

Answer 44

the complex chain of behaviours is taught as a single unit.

Question 45

Prompting and fading

Answer 45

Prompting involves the use of strategies to encourage correct responses, whereas fading involves reducing the prompt as the client becomes accustomed to providing the correct response. The goal of fading is to ensure that the client doesn’t become dependent on the prompt to complete the desired task.

Question 46

Instructions

Answer 46

describe the appropriate behaviour for the learner

Question 47

live modelling

Answer 47

another person demonstrates the appropriate behaviour in the appropriate situation.

Question 48

symbolic modelling,

Answer 48

the correct behaviour is demonstrated on video, audio, or possibly in a cartoon or a movie.

Question 49

Rehearsal

Answer 49

is the opportunity for the learner to practice the behaviour after receiving instructions or watching a model demonstrate the behaviour.

Question 50

feedback

Answer 50

specifically defined as the delivery of praise for correct performance and further instruction after incorrect performance

Question 51

self-management.

Answer 51

When a person uses behaviour modification procedures to change his or her own behaviour, the process

Question 52

Nervous habits

Answer 52

involve repetitive, manipulative behaviours that are believed to be most likely to occur when the person experiences heightened nervous tension.

Question 53

Motor tics

Answer 53

are repetitive, jerking movements of a particular muscle group in the body. They usually involve muscles in the neck or face but may also involve the shoulders, arms, hands, legs, or torso.

Question 54

vocal tic

Answer 54

a repetitive vocal sound that does not serve a social function. Examples of vocal tics are throat clearing when there is no reason to clear the throat and coughing when the person is not sick. Vocal tics may also involve other sounds or words. Tourette’s disorder is a tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal tics

Question 55

Stuttering,

Answer 55

type of speech dysfluency in which the person repeats words or syllables, prolongs the sound of a word or syllable, or blocks on a word (makes no sound for a period of time while trying to say a word)