Intelligence, Memory , Emotions, Motivation Flashcards
What are different types of Motives?
Biological motive - for survival
Stimulus motive - for information
Learnt motive - for drives and goals
What is motivation?
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behaviour toward a goal.
What are the different theories for Motivation?
Physiological
Instinct—motives are innate
Drive—biological needs as motivation
Incentive—extrinsic things push or pull behaviour
Arousal—people are motivated to maintain optimum level of arousal
Humanistic—hierarchy of needs
Goal Setting
Cognitive– dissonance in thought
What are the physiological drives that humans have?
HUNGER
THIRST
NEED TO MAINTAIN A 98.6 DEGREE BODY
TEMPERATURE
SEX
Which ethnic group regarded bisexuality and masturbation as normal?
Ancient Greek
Which ethnic group derived that sex should only be used for procreation?
Americans and Europeans in Victorian Era
Fill in the blanks “ ______ is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a ____state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied.
Drive Theory & Negative
Who developed the theory of Instinct (species-specific pattern of behaviour that is not learnt)?
William James (1842–1910)
‘William James has good instincts’
Fill in the blanks. The drive reduction theory was popularised by?
Clark Hull
“ clark drove”
True or False? The maintenance of homeostasis is
particularly important in directing behaviour.
TRUE!!
Which brain structure regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behaviour?
The hypothalamus
True or False? The drive theory of motivation implied that deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs.
TRUE!!
Fill in the blanks. “ _________ are unlearnt drives based on physiological states. Found in all animals including humans.”
Primary Drives
Fill in the blanks.” _______ are learnt drives such as
ambition not based on physiological states.”
Secondary Drive
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
This law suggests that performance and arousal
are directly related - an increase in arousal can help to boost performance.
What is the arousal theory ?
The theory states that the major reason people are driven to perform any action is to maintain the optimal level of physiological arousal.
What is Intrinsic & Extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivators - Behaviours that gives personal satisfaction
Extrinsic motivators - Behaviours performed to receive something from others
Who discovered that six emotions can be identified via facial expressions?
Paul Ekman
What are the six facial emotions that Paul Ekman described could be discovered through facial expression.
Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust.
Which researcher identified EIGHT basic emotions which he grouped into pairs of opposites:
joy and sadness,
anger and fear,
trust and disgust
surprise and anticipation.
Robert Plutchik (1958)
What are examples of complex emotions?
Grief,
Jealousy
Regret
Love
Embarrassment,
Envy
Gratitude
Guilt
Pride
Worry
What are complex emotions?
Mixture of two or more emotions.
What are the functions of emotions?
*To communicate
*To perceive and organize our experiences
*To motivate - Motivation + emotions drives
our actions; either positive or negative.
Fill in the blanks. “________ are our body’s adaptive response”
Emotions
What are the different characteristics of Emotions.
1) physiological activation
2) expressive behaviours
3) conscious experience
Which theory proposed that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience?
James- Lang ( sees car coming -> heart races -> fear evoked
Which theory proposed that proposed that an emotion triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously.
Cannon-Bard Theory ( sees car coming -> heart races + evoke fear)
Which researchers came up with the Two Factor theory?
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
What is the two- factor theory?
This suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions.
Emotion = physical arousal + cognitive label
What is known as the reservoir for learning?
Amygdala
True or False? The Amygdala influences your cerebellum.
FALSE!! It influences your CEREBRAL CORTEX
True or False? There are no gender differences in emotional experience.
TRUE!!
What emotions are male and female more likely to express?
Males - anger & aggression
Females- fear & sadness
What are factors that doesn’t affect Happiness?
Age
Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
What is Emotional Intelligence ?
Emotional intelligence is the ability to both identify and mange own emotions as well as the emotions of others.
What is known as a Neural key to fear learning?
The Amygdala
Who deduced that there are 7 universal emotions?
Charles Darwin
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is an inferred process that humans use to explain the different degrees of adaptive success in people’s behaviour.
What is the name given to individuals who specialize in measuring psychological characteristics for intelligence?
Psychometricians
Who discovered the Theory of Multiple Intelligence?
Howard Gardner
Fill in the blanks. “ Charles Spearman discovered the _____.”
G factor - General ability/intelligence factor
“Charles was a g”
Which researcher popularised Emotional Intelligence?
Daniel Goleman
Which researcher proposed that intelligence is a person’s “pattern” of mental abilities?
Louis Thurstone
Sternberg discovered the ____?
Triarchic theory
What is the Thurstone Seven Factor Theory ?
Intelligence is a cluster of 7 primary mental
abilities. Each independent from the other.
1. Verbal comprehension,
2. Word Fluency
3. numerical ability,
4. spatial relations/visualization,
5. perceptual speed,
6. memory,
7. Reasoning : deductive reasoning and problem solving
ability.
In Cattel’s Theory of Intelligence , what two things were developed?
*Fluid Intelligence
‐ The ability to think on the spot and solve novel problems
‐ The ability to perceive relationships
‐ The ability to gain new types of knowledge
*Crystallized Intelligence
‐ Factual knowledge about the world
‐ The skills already learnt and practiced
Arithmetic facts,Knowledge of the meaning of words
and Parish (State) capitals are examples of?
Crystallised Knowledge
How many kinds of Intelligence are in the Multiple Intelligence Theory?
Eight or Nine
What are the different kinds of Intelligence found in Multiple Intelligence?
- Verbal-Liguistic
2.Logical- Mathematical
3.Bodily-Kinesthetic
4.Visual-Spatial
5.Musical-Rhythmic
6.Interpersonal
7.Intrapersonal
8.Naturalistic
9.Existential
Who developed Emotional Intelligence?
John Mayer and Peter Salovey
What is Emotional Intelligence?
▪ The ability to perceive emotions,
▪ To access and generate emotions so as to assist thought
▪ To understand emotions and emotional knowledge
▪ To reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth
What are the 5 elements of Emotional Intelligence?
Self-Awareness
Self-Regulation
Social Skills
Empathy
Motivation
What are three subtypes of intelligence in Robert Sterburg’s theory of Intelligence?
Component/Analytical
Experiential/Creative
Contextual/ Practical
What happens in Component/Analytical Intelligence?
Try to solve familiar problems by using
strategies that manipulate the elements of a
problem or the relationship among the elements (e.g.,
comparing, analyzing)
What happens in Experiential/ Creative Intelligence?
Try to solve new kinds of problems that require us
to think about the problem and its elements in a new manner
way (e.g., inventing, designing)
What happens in Contextual/ Practical Intelligence?
Try to solve problems that apply what we know to everyday
contexts (e.g., applying, using)
Fill in the blanks. “Francis Galton discovered that Intelligenceshould be measured via ____”
Sensory and Motor tests
Which researcher developed measuring intelligence using the Binet-Simon scale?
Alfred Binet
When was the third version of the Binet- Simon scale conducted?
1911
What are the 4 aspects that were tested in the Newly revised Stamen- Binet scale measuring Intelligence Quotient(IQ)?
Verbal Reasoning,
Abstract/Visual Reasoning
Quantitative Reasoning
Short-Term Memory
What are the 5 cognitive factors in the assessment of Intelligence using the SB- 5 scale?
◦ Fluid Reasoning
◦ Knowledge
◦ Quantitative
◦ Visual–Spatial
◦ Working Memory
What percentage of the population has an IQ between 85-115?
63%
What percentage of individuals will have a IQ between 70 and 130?
95%
What are the stability rates when measuring IQ?
‐ IQ test at 4 and a second at 17 - 13 points up or down
‐ IQ test at 8 and a second at 17 - 9 points up or down
‐ IQ test at 12 and a second at 12 - 7 points up or down
True or False? The closer together in time that IQ tests are given the more consistent (stable) the scores.
TRUE!!
True or False? Girls have a higher IQ than boys.
FALSE!! The average IQ scores of boys and girls is virtually identical.
True or False? The more years children spend in poverty, the lower their IQs tend to be.
TRUE!!
Which ethnic group has the highest IQ in the US?
Asian-American
Which type of Memory has the shortest duration?
Sensory
What is (Morris & Maisto, 2010) definition of Memory?
“The ability to remember the things that we have experienced,imagined and learned”
Which researchers differentiated the three types of memories- sensory, short, and long term?
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
‘ the Richard’s developed memory’
Fill in the blanks. “If maintenance rehearsal (repition) does not occur( during the process of transferring short term to long term memory, then information is forgotten, and lost from short term memory through the processes of _______.”
Displacement or Decay
What are the different types of Sensory memory and to which stimulus are they associated with?
Iconic memory- Visual ( Eye- conic - see- visual)
Echoic memory- Auditory ( hear an echo)
Haptic memory - Touch ( please don’t touch my haptoglobin lol)
In the Atkinson& Schifrin theory , what are the three characteristic of Sensory memory?
◆Information is captured by the sense organs
◆ Information in this area is transient (from a few tenths of a second to seconds)
◆ Information attended to in this store is transferred to the next store (short-term)
What is the time period for short term memory to be removed from one’s minds?
20 seconds
In what type of memory, does thinking and problem solving occur?
Short term memory
What are the 5 characteristics of Short -term memory?
1.The individual is conscious of this information.
2.Information is readily accessible.
3.It will be forgotten over a period of 20 sec.
4.Rehearsal of the information can prevent decay of it (forgetting).
5.The information can be processed in different ways (e.g.elaboration) and hence be transported to the last store.
What are the 3 characteristics of long term memory?
- Information enters it via elaborate processes from short-term store.
- Its size is unlimited.
- Information in long-term can be replaced in
short-term, manipulated and used to carry
out tasks.
Fill in the blanks “ ______ is the information that is attended to.”
Short term memory
True or False? Working memory is a subdivision of Long -term memory.
FALSE!!! It is a sub division of short -term memory
What are the three stages in Working memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What form of Encoding is best paired with repetition?
Phonological code
In the stage Encoding in Working memory, which form is best paired with the use of a meaningfiul association?
Semantic code
What is the capacity and duration of storage in working memory ?
Memory of 5-9 items
“ Magic number 7 +/- 2”
What are the two main types of Long term memory?
Explicit ( Declarative) & Implicit( Non- declarative)
Fill in the blanks .” ________ requires the use of conscious recall while _____ doesn’t require the use of conscious recall. “
Explicit - requires recall
Implicit - Doesn’t require recall
‘ I declared that you recalled explicit content’
What are types of Explicit( Declarative) memory?
Semantic & Episodic memory
What are the types of Implicit ( Non- declarative) memory?
Procedural & Conditioning memory
True or False? Implicit memory does not require any thought .
TRUE!!
What are examples of Semantic & Episodic memory?
Semantic- General factual knowledge
Episodic- Personal experiences
What are examples of Procedural & Conditioning memory?
Procedural - Riding a bike, driving to home
Conditioning - Classical & operant conditioning
What type of Explicit memory stores information as images?
Episodic memory
What is Encoding?
The process of transferring information from
one memory stage to the next.
What is storage?
The process of maintaining information in a particular stage.
What is Retrieval?
The process of bringing stored information from
long-term memory to the conscious level
in short-term memory.
Fill in the blanks. “In the brain, __________ hemisphere became activated during encoding,
while the _____ hemisphere was activated during retrieval.
Left hemisphere- activated in Encoding
Right hemisphere- activated in Retrieval
’ right - retrieve’
True or False? Maintenance is an active effort to hold information in long- term memory
Elaborative efforts are used to encode information in working memory.
FALSE!! Maintaince is used for WORKING MEMORY.
Elaboration is used for LONG -TERM MEMORY
’ please eLaborate on long term memory’
True or False? A good way to elaborate on new material is to relate the material to yourself.
TRUE!!
Fill in the blanks. “______ is known as the loss of memory.”
Amnesia
A for Amnesia - A for Amanda
What are the different types of Interference?
Proactive
Retroactive
What is Proactive interference?
This causes people to forget knowledge and ideas that have been learned recently because of interference from old memories.
ex study French -> study Spanish -> take Spanish test -> can’t remember anything about Spanish because French on your mind.
What is Retroactive Interference?
This occurs when recently learned information
makes the mind forget previously learned
information.
ex. Study Spanish -> study French -> take Spanish test -> fail because you only remember French.
What are factors that can affect Retrieval?
Forgetting
Amnesia
Interference ( uno lol)
Emotions
What are the ways in which emotions can affect the retrieval of information?
▪Rehearsal (verbally repeating emotional
events)
▪Flashbulb memories- circumstances under which smn happen to you that you can’t forget.
▪Retrieval interference via anxiety- Gets nervous when seeing 1st question and you don’t know the answer so all the knowledge flies out your brain. ( might be me in this exam lol)
▪Context effects- only remember stuff when you get back in that mood you learnt it in.
▪Repression - don’t want to remember due to trauma
Which theory suggests that forgetting
occurs because of a problem in the storage of the information?
Storage Decay theory
Which theory suggest that sometimes
forgetting is not really forgetting, but rather that the information never entered long-term memory in the first place.
Storage Encoding theory
Which part of the brain is important in memory consolidation, semantic memory , encoding memories?
Hippocampus
Which part of the brain plays a role in procedural memory, motor learning, skills and fine motor skills.
Cerebellum
“ cerebellum performs procedures in motor shops’
Which part of the brain is a part of the limbic system and IS NOT associated with Semantic memory.
Hippocampus
Fill in the blanks . The ________ is used in recognition, memory, to identify an object as one which was previously encountered.
Temporal lobe
True or False? The parietal lobe is coordination of information, used mostly in working memory.
FALSE!! The Frontal Lobe does that
“ frontal works to coordinate’
True or False ? The Basal ganglia is used focus our attention on different stimuli at the same
time, assists in working memory.
FALSE!! Parietal lobe focuses on different stimuli at the same time
Which part of the brain is associated with emotional learning and memory, emotional events being encoded into memory, seen in pavlovian conditioning.
The Amygdala
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia ( Medial Temporal lobe)?
Cognition, learning, motor control and
activities also unconscious memory
processes and implicit memory.
What is a limitation to memory?
Memory is reconstructive ( one can develop false memories)
ex - eye witness accounts
