Intelligence and Language

Question 1

intelligence

Answer 1

the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations

Question 2

language

Answer 2

a system of communication that uses symbols in a regular way to create meaning

Question 3

general intelligence factor (g)

Answer 3

the construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common

includes the abilities to acquire knowledge, to reason abstractly, to adapt to novel situations, and to benefit from instruction and experience

Charles Spearman

Question 4

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.

Answer 4

American measure of general intelligence made up of a wide variety of tasks including vocabulary, memory for pictures, naming of familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands

Question 5

specific intelligence (s)

Answer 5

, a measure of specific skills in narrow domains

Question 6

triarchic (three-part) theory of intelligence

Answer 6

Robert Sternberg

people may display more or less analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

traditional intelligence tests assess analytical intelligence, the ability to answer problems with a single right answer, but that they do not well assess creativity (the ability to adapt to new situations and create new ideas) or practicality (e.g., the ability to write good memos or to effectively delegate responsibility)

Question 7

convergent thinking

Answer 7

thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem

Question 8

divergent thinking

Answer 8

the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem

happens in different areas of the brain compared to convergent thinking

Question 9

components of creativity

Answer 9

expertise
imaginative thinking
risk taking
intrinsic interest
working in a creative environment (ie, creativity is social)

Question 10

practical intelligence

Answer 10

a type of “street smarts” or “common sense” that is learned from life experiences

certain abilities that help people perform well at specific jobs, and these abilities may not always be highly correlated with general intelligence

though these can also be explained by g

Question 11

Gardners Eight Intelligences

Answer 11

Howard Gardner

Linguistic
Logico-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Kinesthetic (body)
Interpersonal (understanding the emotions of others)
Intrapersonal (ability to have insight to the self)
Naturalistic (ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things)

Question 12

standardization

Answer 12

of a test involves giving it to a large number of people at different ages and computing the average score on the test at each age level.

Question 13

Flynn effect

Answer 13

refers to the observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades

Question 14

mental age

Answer 14

the age at which a person is performing intellectually

Question 15

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 15

mental age ÷ chronological age × 100.

Question 16

Wechsler Adult lntelligence Scale (WAIS)

Answer 16

the most widely used intelligence test for adults

designed to assess intelligence, including working memory, arithmetic ability, spatial ability, and general knowledge about the world

yields scores on four domains: verbal, perceptual, working memory, and processing speed

Question 17

aptitude tests

Answer 17

designed to measure one’s ability to perform a given task, for instance, to do well in college or in postgraduate training

Question 18

Personnel selection

Answer 18

the use of structured tests to select people who are likely to perform well at given jobs

Question 19

Key biological factors of intelligence

Answer 19

brain size, sensory ability, speed and efficience of neural transmission, and working memory capacity

primarily in the outer parts of the cortex, the area of the brain most involved in planning, executive control, and short-term memory

Question 20

Emotional intelligence

Answer 20

the ability to accurately identify, assess, and understand emotions, as well as to effectively control one’s own emotions

One problem with emotional intelligence tests is that they often do not show a great deal of reliability or construct validity

Question 21

emotion regulation

Answer 21

the ability to control and productively use one’s emotions

while EI has not beed predictive of effective behaviors, emotional regulation has

Question 22

Mental retardation

Answer 22

a generalized disorder ascribed to people who have an IQ below 70, who have experienced deficits since childhood, and who have trouble with basic life skills, such as dressing and feeding oneself and communicating with others

Question 23

Down syndrome

Answer 23

a chromosomal disorder leading to mental retardation caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome

Question 24

stereotype threat

Answer 24

performance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes

individuals who are experiencing stereotype threat show an increased vigilance toward the environment as well as increased attempts to suppress stereotypic thoughts. Engaging in these behaviors takes cognitive capacity away from the task

Question 25

Broca’s area

Answer 25

an area in front of the left hemisphere near the motor cortex, is responsible for language production

Question 26

Wernicke’s area

Answer 26

an area of the brain next to the auditory cortex, is responsible for language comprehension

Question 27

aphasia

Answer 27

a condition in which language functions are severely impaired.

People with Broca’s aphasia have difficulty producing speech, whereas people with damage to Wernicke’s area can produce speech, but what they say makes no sense and they have trouble understanding language

Question 28

language is generative

Answer 28

the fact that speakers of a language can compose sentences to represent new ideas that they have never before been exposed to

this argues against the idea that all language is learned through experience

Question 29

deep structure

Answer 29

how the idea is represented in the fundamental universal grammar that is common to all languages

Question 30

surface structure

Answer 30

how an idea is expressed in any one language

Question 31

linguistic relativity

Answer 31

The idea that language and its structures influence and limit human thought

e.g., Inuits and snow

But, research has suggested that language has less influence on thinking than might be expected