Emotions and Motivations Flashcards

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1
Q

affect

A

the experience of feeling or emotion

two fundamental aspects of affect: emotions and motivation

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2
Q

arousal

A

emotion involves arousal

our experiences of the bodily responses created by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

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3
Q

emotion

A

a mental and physiological feeling state that directs our attention and guides our behavior

normally serve an adaptive role

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4
Q

motivation

A

a driving force that initiates and directs behavior

Motivation can thus be conceptualized as a series of behavioral responses that lead us to attempt to reduce drives and to attain goals by comparing our current state with a desired end state

some motivations are biological, such as the motivation for food, water, and sex

there are a variety of other personal and social motivations that can influence behavior, including the motivations for social approval and acceptance, the motivation to achieve, and the motivation to take, or to avoid taking, risks

As predicted by basic theories of operant learning, motivations lead us to engage in particular behaviors because doing so makes us feel good.

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5
Q

drives

A

internal states that are activated when the physiological characteristics of the body are out of balance

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6
Q

goals

A

desired end states that we strive to attain

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7
Q

homeostasis

A

the body tries to maintain homeostasis, the natural state of the body’s systems, with goals, drives, and arousal in balance

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8
Q

basic emotions

A

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

Our response to the basic emotion of fear, for instance, is primarily determined by the fast pathway through the limbic system.

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9
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

The cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions allow us to experience a much larger and more complex set of secondary emotions

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10
Q

secondary emotions

A

determined in part by:

arousal (level of intensity, physical)

valence (pleasant or unpleasant)

Secondary emotions are more determined by the slow pathway through the frontal lobes in the cortex.

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11
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

the experience of an emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal

emotions and arousal generally are subjectively experienced together, and the spread is very fast

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12
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience

the emotion depends on the arousal

there is at least some evidence that arousal is necessary for the experience of emotion, and that the patterns of arousal are different for different emotions

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13
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

the experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be

emotion = arousal + cognition (i.e., the meaning)

there is also evidence that we may interpret the same patterns of arousal differently in different situations

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14
Q

misattribution of arousal

A

The tendency for people to incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing

men on a shaky bridge

Schachter & Singer:

the idea is that because cognitions are such strong determinants of emotional states, the same state of physiological arousal could be labeled in many different ways, depending entirely on the label provided by the social situation.

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15
Q

excitation transfer

A

the phenomenon that occurs when people who are already experiencing arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly

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16
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

includes our tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions,

17
Q

Proxemics

A

Rules about the appropriate use of personal space

18
Q

Paralanguage

A

Clues to identity or emotions contained in our voices

19
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions

20
Q

stress

A

physiological responses that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats

21
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

the three distinct phases of physiological change that occur in response to long-term stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

22
Q

experience of stress

A

creates both an increase in general arousal in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), as well as another, even more complex, system of physiological changes through the HPA axis

23
Q

HPA axis

A

physiological response to stress involving interactions among the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the adrenal glands

HPA response begins when the hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones that direct the pituitary gland to release the hormone ACTH. ACTH then directs the adrenal glands to secrete more hormones, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol,

24
Q

cortisol

A

a stress hormone that releases sugars into the blood, helping preparing the body to respond to threat

25
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

an emotional and behavioral reaction to stress that increases the readiness for action

more common in men; activated by the HPA Axis

26
Q

tend-and-befriend response

A

a behavioral reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection from threats

triggered in women by the release of the hormone oxytocin, which promotes affiliation

27
Q

emotion regulation

A

The ability to successfully control our emotions

influenced by body chemicals, particularly the neurotransmitter serotonin. Preferences for small, immediate rewards over large but later rewards have been linked to low levels of serotonin in animals

28
Q

self-efficacy

A

the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes

People with high self-efficacy respond to environmental and other threats in an active, constructive way—by getting information, talking to friends, and attempting to face and reduce the difficulties they are experiencing. These people too are better able to ward off their stresses in comparison to people with less self-efficacy

29
Q

Hunger/eating

A

controlled by the interactions among complex pathways in the nervous system and a variety of hormonal and chemical systems in the brain and body

stomach, hypothalamus (two parts to trigger hunger and stop hunger) and hormone levels impact hunger

30
Q

Glucose

A

the main sugar that the body uses for energy, and the brain monitors blood glucose levels to determine hunger

31
Q

insulin

A

regulates Glucose levels in the bloodstream

32
Q

environmental influences on hunger

A

time, forgetting that we ate may cause hunger, cultural norms

33
Q

sexual response cycle

A

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution

regulated by estrogen and testosterone, controlled by the hypothalamus and pituatary and secreted by the ovaries and testes