Intelligence Flashcards
Layman definition of intelligence
problem-solving ability, social competence
Francis Galton
- first person to publish heritability of intelligence
- most intelligent persons were those equipped with the best sensory abilities
- viewed intelligence as a number of distinct processes or abilities that could be assessed only by separate tests
Alfred Binet
- components of intelligence: reasoning, judgment, memory and abstraction
- in contrast to Galton, when one solves a particular problem, the abilities used cannot be separated because they interact to produce the solution
David Wechsler
- defined intelligence as the aggregate of global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment
- best way to measure global ability is measuring aspects of qualitatively differential abilities (verbal or performance based)
Jean Piaget
- intelligence conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world
- believed that as a consequence of interaction with the environment, psychological structures become reorganized
Cognitive reorganization in a mental structure; organized action or mental structure that when applied, leads to knowing, understanding
Schema
Accdg. to Piaget, learning occurs through 2 basic mental operations
Assimilation -actively organizing NEW info so that it fits with what already is perceived and thought
Accommodation -changing what is already perceived or thought so that it fits with the new info
Causes the individual to discover new info, perceptions, communication skills
Disequilibrium
Refers to the complex concept by which heredity and environment are presumed to interact and influence the development of one’s intelligence
Interactionism (Binet, Wechsler, Piaget)
Factor-analytic theorists of intelligence
Spearman Guilford Thurstone Cattell Horn Carroll
Created the 2 factor theory of intelligence (general and specific abilities)
Charles Spearman
General ability (g)
- best prediction of overall intelligence
- portion of the variance that all intelligene tests have in common
- mental energy that underlies the specific factors
Specific ability (s)
performance on just one kind of mental test
Group factors
- Tests that exhibited high positive correlations with other intelligence tests were thought to be highly saturated with ‘g’, while moderate is to ‘s’
- linguistic, mechanical, arithmetical abilities
Joy Paul Guilford
- there is no single underlying intelligence for different test items to reflect
- proposed that intelligence comprise of 180 elementary abilities which are made up of combination of 3 dimensions –operation, content, product
Louis Leon Thurstone
Conceived of intelligence as being composed of 7 Primary abilities, but was convinced it as difficult if not impossible to develop an intelligence test that did not tap ‘g’
Howard Gardner
- develop a theory of 7 intelligences
- Intrapersonal and interpersonal =emotional intelligence
- multiple intelligence theory
Raymond Cattell
- Crystallized intelligence (Gc) -acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a particular culture as well as on formal and informal education; increases with age (e.g. retrievel of info or appplication of general knowledge); aka Factual knowledge
- Fluid intelligence (Gf) -ability to see relationships in analogies and letter and number series; primary reasoning ability; decreases as one ages
John Horn
-modified Cattell’s work
-2 abilities:
Vulnerable abilities- decline with age and tend not to return to preinjury levels following brain damage
Maintained abilities -tend not to decline with age and may return to preinjury levels following brain damage
John Carroll
-developed the Three Stratum Theory of Intelligence
3rd- “g” or general intelligence
2nd- composed of 8 abilities and processes
1st- level and speed factors each different depending on the 2nd stratum to which they are linked
Hierarchical model
All of the abilities listed in a stratum are subsumed(a subordinate or component) by or incorporated in the strata above
CHC model (Cattell-Horn-Carroll)
- proposed by Kevin Mcgrew
- integration of 2 models (Broad stratum)
- exclude ‘g’ because of little relevance to cross-batteru assessment and interpretation
- there is a higher order general factor and 9 broad stratum abilities and over 70 narrow abilities
Philip Vernon
- Proposed the Hierarchical theory of intelligence
- addresses gaps between Spearman’s 2 factor theory in which intelligence is mainly about ‘g’ and Thurstone multiple factor theory in which ‘s’ takes a bigger role than ‘g’
- defined intelligence as comprising of abilities of varying levels of generality
Edward Lee Thorndike
- believes that each mental activity requires an aggregate different set of abilities
- incorporated ‘g’ (total num of modifiable neural connections available in the brain)
- one’s ability to learn is determined by the number and speed of the bonds that can be marshaled
- Abstract intelligence has 4 attributes: level, range, area, speed
Information-processing theories (focus on identifying the specific mental processes that constitute intelligence)
Luria
Sternberg
Alexandr Luria
-focuses on the mechanisms by which info is processed –how info is processed rather than what is processed
-Simultaneous/parallel processing -info is integrated all at one time (synthesized)
Successive/sequential processing -each bit of info is individuallly processed in sequence
A test that relies heavily on simultaneous and successive info processing
Kaufman assessment battery for children (KABC-II)
PASS model
Planning (strategy development)
Attention (arousal)
Simultaneous
Successive
Cognitive ability test designed to tap PASS factors
Cognitive assessment system
Robert Sternberg
-develop Triarchic theory of intelligence
-metacomponent (planning what one is going to do, monitor and evaluate one has done upon completion)
performance component, (administer instructions of metacomponents)
knowledge-acquisition component (learning how to do something in the first place)
