Intelligence

Question 1

Layman definition of intelligence

Answer 1

problem-solving ability, social competence

Question 2

Francis Galton

Answer 2

• first person to publish heritability of intelligence
• most intelligent persons were those equipped with the best sensory abilities
• viewed intelligence as a number of distinct processes or abilities that could be assessed only by separate tests

Question 3

Alfred Binet

Answer 3

• components of intelligence: reasoning, judgment, memory and abstraction
• in contrast to Galton, when one solves a particular problem, the abilities used cannot be separated because they interact to produce the solution

Question 4

David Wechsler

Answer 4

• defined intelligence as the aggregate of global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment
• best way to measure global ability is measuring aspects of qualitatively differential abilities (verbal or performance based)

Question 5

Jean Piaget

Answer 5

• intelligence conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world
• believed that as a consequence of interaction with the environment, psychological structures become reorganized

Question 6

Cognitive reorganization in a mental structure; organized action or mental structure that when applied, leads to knowing, understanding

Answer 6

Schema

Question 7

Accdg. to Piaget, learning occurs through 2 basic mental operations

Answer 7

Assimilation -actively organizing NEW info so that it fits with what already is perceived and thought
Accommodation -changing what is already perceived or thought so that it fits with the new info

Question 8

Causes the individual to discover new info, perceptions, communication skills

Answer 8

Disequilibrium

Question 9

Refers to the complex concept by which heredity and environment are presumed to interact and influence the development of one’s intelligence

Answer 9

Interactionism (Binet, Wechsler, Piaget)

Question 10

Factor-analytic theorists of intelligence

Answer 10

Spearman
Guilford
Thurstone
Cattell
Horn
Carroll

Question 11

Created the 2 factor theory of intelligence (general and specific abilities)

Answer 11

Charles Spearman

Question 12

General ability (g)

Answer 12

• best prediction of overall intelligence
• portion of the variance that all intelligene tests have in common
• mental energy that underlies the specific factors

Question 13

Specific ability (s)

Answer 13

performance on just one kind of mental test

Question 14

Group factors

Answer 14

• Tests that exhibited high positive correlations with other intelligence tests were thought to be highly saturated with ‘g’, while moderate is to ‘s’
• linguistic, mechanical, arithmetical abilities

Question 15

Joy Paul Guilford

Answer 15

• there is no single underlying intelligence for different test items to reflect
• proposed that intelligence comprise of 180 elementary abilities which are made up of combination of 3 dimensions –operation, content, product

Question 16

Louis Leon Thurstone

Answer 16

Conceived of intelligence as being composed of 7 Primary abilities, but was convinced it as difficult if not impossible to develop an intelligence test that did not tap ‘g’

Question 17

Howard Gardner

Answer 17

• develop a theory of 7 intelligences
• Intrapersonal and interpersonal =emotional intelligence
• multiple intelligence theory

Question 18

Raymond Cattell

Answer 18

• Crystallized intelligence (Gc) -acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a particular culture as well as on formal and informal education; increases with age (e.g. retrievel of info or appplication of general knowledge); aka Factual knowledge
• Fluid intelligence (Gf) -ability to see relationships in analogies and letter and number series; primary reasoning ability; decreases as one ages

Question 19

John Horn

Answer 19

-modified Cattell’s work
-2 abilities:
Vulnerable abilities- decline with age and tend not to return to preinjury levels following brain damage
Maintained abilities -tend not to decline with age and may return to preinjury levels following brain damage

Question 20

John Carroll

Answer 20

-developed the Three Stratum Theory of Intelligence
3rd- “g” or general intelligence
2nd- composed of 8 abilities and processes
1st- level and speed factors each different depending on the 2nd stratum to which they are linked

Question 21

Hierarchical model

Answer 21

All of the abilities listed in a stratum are subsumed(a subordinate or component) by or incorporated in the strata above

Question 22

CHC model (Cattell-Horn-Carroll)

Answer 22

• proposed by Kevin Mcgrew
• integration of 2 models (Broad stratum)
• exclude ‘g’ because of little relevance to cross-batteru assessment and interpretation
• there is a higher order general factor and 9 broad stratum abilities and over 70 narrow abilities

Question 23

Philip Vernon

Answer 23

• Proposed the Hierarchical theory of intelligence
• addresses gaps between Spearman’s 2 factor theory in which intelligence is mainly about ‘g’ and Thurstone multiple factor theory in which ‘s’ takes a bigger role than ‘g’
• defined intelligence as comprising of abilities of varying levels of generality

Question 24

Edward Lee Thorndike

Answer 24

• believes that each mental activity requires an aggregate different set of abilities
• incorporated ‘g’ (total num of modifiable neural connections available in the brain)
• one’s ability to learn is determined by the number and speed of the bonds that can be marshaled
• Abstract intelligence has 4 attributes: level, range, area, speed

Question 25

Information-processing theories (focus on identifying the specific mental processes that constitute intelligence)

Answer 25

Luria

Sternberg

Question 26

Alexandr Luria

Answer 26

-focuses on the mechanisms by which info is processed –how info is processed rather than what is processed
-Simultaneous/parallel processing -info is integrated all at one time (synthesized)
Successive/sequential processing -each bit of info is individuallly processed in sequence

Question 27

A test that relies heavily on simultaneous and successive info processing

Answer 27

Kaufman assessment battery for children (KABC-II)

Question 28

PASS model

Answer 28

Planning (strategy development)
Attention (arousal)
Simultaneous
Successive

Question 29

Cognitive ability test designed to tap PASS factors

Answer 29

Cognitive assessment system

Question 30

Robert Sternberg

Answer 30

-develop Triarchic theory of intelligence
-metacomponent (planning what one is going to do, monitor and evaluate one has done upon completion)
performance component, (administer instructions of metacomponents)
knowledge-acquisition component (learning how to do something in the first place)