INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Question 1

What makes the skin a tissue?

Answer 1

Contains different cell types

Question 2

What makes the skin an organ?

Answer 2

Performs specific functions

Question 3

What makes the skin an organ system?

Answer 3

Includes skin and accessory structures

Question 4

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 4

Protection (infection, UV, water loss)
Insulation
Vitamin D production
Sensation
Waste removal

Question 5

What are the three layers of the skin?

Answer 5

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

Question 6

What are the two types of skin?

Answer 6

Thin: 4 epidermal layers, more extensive

Thick: 5 layers, found only on palms/soles, more waterproof

Question 7

Name the 5 strata of the epidermis

Answer 7

Stratum basale (germinative layer)
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum corneum

Question 8

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 8

Papillary (top 20%)
Reticular (bottom 80%)

Question 9

What are the 4 types of epidermal cells?

Answer 9

Keratinocytes (90%) – Waterproof keratin
Melanocytes (8%) – Produce melanin
Langerhans cells – Immunity
Merkel cells – Sensory function

Question 10

What are common skin color disorders?

Answer 10

Freckles/Nevi
Albinism: No melanin production
Vitiligo: Patchy melanin loss
Cyanosis: Blue skin (low oxygen)
Jaundice: Yellow skin (liver issues)
Erythema: Red skin (inflammation)

Question 10

What determines skin color?

Answer 10

Melanin (eumelanin & phaeomelanin)
Carotene (vitamin A precursor)
Hemoglobin (blood pigment)

Question 11

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Answer 11

Anchors skin, stores fat, provides insulation and shock absorption.

Question 12

What are the accessory structures of the skin?

Answer 12

Hair: Sensation, warmth, protection
Nails: Protection, grip, scratching
Glands: Sebaceous (oil), Sudoriferous (sweat)

Question 13

What are the types of hair?

Answer 13

Lanugo: Fine, fetal hair
Terminal: Thick, coarse, pigmented
Vellus: Thin, non-pigmented

Question 14

What causes gray or white hair?

Answer 14

Gray: Air bubbles in shaft
White: No melanin production

Question 15

What are the three types of skin glands?

Answer 15

Sebaceous: Produces oil, lubricates skin
Sudoriferous: Produces sweat, regulates temperature
Other glands: Arrector pili (heat generation)

Question 16

How are burns assessed by extent?

Answer 16

Rule of 9s (adults)
Lund-Browder rule (children)

Question 17

How are burns classified by depth?

Answer 17

1st degree: Epidermis only
2nd degree: Epidermis + dermis
3rd degree: Beyond dermis

Question 18

What are the three main types of skin cancer?

Answer 18

Basal cell carcinoma (78%) – Least severe, from basal cells
Squamous cell carcinoma (20%) – From squamous cells
Malignant melanoma (2%) – Most aggressive, from melanocytes