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Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

► Consists of:

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Sweat Glands
  • Sebaceous (oil) Glands
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2
Q

Superficial layer
-Consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and is avascular

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

Underlies epidermis
-Mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular

A

Dermis

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4
Q

(Subcutaneous tissue)

-Subcutaneous layer deep to skin

-Not part of skin but shares some functions

-Mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates

-anchors skin to underlying structures: mostly muscles

A

Hypodermis

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5
Q

_______ - consists mostly of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Epidermis

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6
Q

Produce fibrous keratin (protein that gives skin its protective properties) Major cells of epidermis, Tightly connected by desmosomes Millions slough off every day

A

Keratinocytes

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7
Q

▸ Four cell types found in epidermis:

A

▸ Keratinocytes
▸ Melanocytes
▸ Dendritic (langerhans) cells
▸ Tactile (Merkel) cells

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8
Q

▸ Five Layers of Epidermis Skin
(Only in thick skin)

A
  • Stratum Basale
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum Corneum
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9
Q

Spider-shaped cells located in deepest epidermis Produce pigment melanin, which is packaged into melanosomes

Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes, where they protect nucleus from UV damage

A

Melanocytes

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10
Q

Star-shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis

Are key activators of immune system

A

Dendritic (langerhans) cells

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11
Q

Sensory receptors that sense touch?

A

Tactile (Merkel) cells

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12
Q

Deepest of all epidermal layers (base layer)

• Layer that is firmly attached to dermis

• Consists of a single row of stem cells that actively divide (mitotic), producing two daughter cells each time

One daughter cell journeys from basal layer to surface, taking 25-45 days to reach surface

Other daughter cell remains in stratum basale as stem cell

Layer also known as STRATUM GERMINATIVUM bec. of active mitosis

10 25% of layer also composed of melanocytes

A

Stratum Basale (basal layer)

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13
Q

• Several Cell layers thick

• Cells contain weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes

• Allows them to resist tension and pulling

• Keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey, so they are called prickle cells

• Scattered among keratinocytes are abundant melanosomes and dendritic cells

A

Stratum Spinosum (prickly layer)

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14
Q

• Four to six cells thick, but cells are flattened, so layer is thin

• Cell appearance changes; transitional stratum

Cells flatten, nuclei and organelles disintegrate

• Keratinization begins

Cells accumulate keratohyalin granules that help form keratin fibers in upper layers

Cells also accumulate lamellar granules, a water- resistant glycolipid that slows water loss Cells above this layer die

Too far from dermal capillaries to survive

A

Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)

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15
Q

• Found only in thick skin

• Consists of thin, translucent band of two to three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

• Lies superficial to the stratum granulosum

A

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

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16
Q

• 20-30 rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized dead cells

• Accounts for three-quarters of epidermal thickness

• Though dead, cells still function to:

• Protect deeper cells from the environment

• Prevent water loss

• Protect from abrasion and penetration Act as a barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults

A

Stratum Corneum (horny layer)

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17
Q

Strong, flexible connective tissue

▸ Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

▸ Fibers in matrix bind body together

• Makes up the “hide” that is used to make leather

► Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

► Contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

► Two layers
• Papillary
• Reticular

A

Dermis

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18
Q

► Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue consisting of loose, interlacing collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels

► Loose fibers allow phagocytes to patrol for microorganisms

A

Papillary Layer

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19
Q

_________ : Superficial region of dermis that sends finger like projections up into epidermis

• Projections contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors (tactile corpuscles, also called Meissner’s corpuscles)

A

Dermal Papillae

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20
Q

________ are small projections that provide blood supply to the epidermis.

A

Dermal papillae

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21
Q

Papillary Layer

► In thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges, which give rise to epidermal ridges

Collectively ridges are called _________.

•Enhance gripping ability
•Contribute to sense of touch
•Sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint pattern

A

friction ridges

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22
Q

_________ in reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface

• Externally invisible
• Important to surgeons because incisions parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily

A

Cleavage (tension) lines

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23
Q

Reticular Layer (cont.)

► _______ of reticular layers are dermal folds at or near joints

• Dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures

• Skin’s inability to slide easily for joint movement causes deep creases

• Visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes

A

Flexure lines

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24
Q

Clinical - Homeostatic Imbalance

▸ Extreme stretching of skin can cause dermal tears, leaving silvery white scars called ______.

• Also known as “stretch marks”

A

Striae

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25
Q

▸ Acute, short-term traumas to skin can cause ______, fluid-filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers

A

blisters

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26
Q

Give the 3 pigments contributes the skin color

A
  • Melanin
  • Carotene
  • Hemoglobin
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27
Q

• Only pigment made in skin; made by melanocytes Packaged into melanosomes that are sent to keratinocytes to shield DNA from sunlight

Sun exposure stimulates melanin production

• Two forms; reddish yellow to brownish black

• All humans have same number of keratinocytes, so color differences are due to amount and form of melanin

Freckles and pigmented moles are local accumulations of melanin

A

MELANIN

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28
Q

• Yellow to orange pigment

Most obvious in palms and soles

• Accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis

• Can be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

A

Carotene

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29
Q

Pinkish hue of fair skin is due to lower levels of melanin

• Skin of Caucasians is more transparent, so color of hemoglobin shows through

A

Hemoglobin

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30
Q

Just Notes - no need to answer

▸ Excessive sun exposure damages skin

• Elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become leathery

• Can depress immune system and cause alterations in DNA that may lead to skin cancer

• UV light destroys folic acid

Necessary for DNA synthesis, so insufficient folic acid is especially dangerous for developing embryos

• Photosensitivity is increased reaction to sun Some drugs (e.g., antibiotics, antihistamines) and perfumes cause photosensitivity, leading to skin rashes

A

Clinical - Homeostatic Imbalance

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31
Q

Just Notes - no need to answer

▸ Excessive sun exposure damages skin

• Elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become leathery

• Can depress immune system and cause alterations in DNA that may lead to skin cancer

• UV light destroys folic acid

Necessary for DNA synthesis, so insufficient folic acid is especially dangerous for developing embryos

• Photosensitivity is increased reaction to sun Some drugs (e.g., antibiotics, antihistamines) and perfumes cause photosensitivity, leading to skin rashes

A

Clinical - Homeostatic Imbalance

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32
Q

Alterations in skin color can indicate disease

Blue skin color: low oxygenation of hemoglobin

A

Cyanosis

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33
Q

Alterations in skin color can indicate disease

• (redness) Fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

A

Erythema

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34
Q

• (blanching or pale color) Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

A

Pallor

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35
Q

• (yellow cast) Liver disorders

A

Jaundice

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36
Q

Alterations in skin color can indicate disease (cont.)

• Inadequate steroid hormones (example:Addison’s disease)

A

Bronzing

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37
Q

• (black-and-blue marks) Clotted blood beneath skinAlterations in skin color can indicate disease (cont.)

A

Bruises

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38
Q

▸ Consists of dead keratinized cells

► None located on palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia

A

Hair

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39
Q

► what is the Functions of Hair?

A

•Warn of insects on skin
•Hair on head guards against physical trauma
• Protect from heat loss
• Shield skin from sunlight

40
Q

Hairs (also called ____): flexible strands of dead, keratinized cells

► Produced by hair follicles
► Contains hard keratin, not like soft keratin found in skin

• Hard keratin is tougher and more durable, and cells do not flake off

► Regions:

Shaft: area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete

• Root: area within scalp, where keratinization is still going on

A

pili

41
Q

______ is considered a sensory touch receptor.

A

Hair

42
Q

Structure of a Hair (cont.)

► Hair pigments are made by __________ in hair follicles

• Combinations of different melanins (yellow, rust, brown, black) create all the hair colors

Red hairs has additional Pheomelanin pigment

Gray/white hair results when melanin production decreases in air bubbles replace melanin in shaft

A

melanocytes

43
Q

Structure of a Hair follicle

▸ Extends from epidermal surface to dermis

► ________: expanded area at deep end of follicle

► ________: (or root hair plexus):
sensory nerve endings that wrap around bulb

► _________: actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells
• As matrix makes new cells, it pushes older ones upward

A
  • HAIR BULB
  • Hair follicle receptor
  • Hair Matrix
44
Q

________ : small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle

• Responsible for “goose bumps”

A

Arrector pili

45
Q

• Dermal tissue containing a knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to growing hair

A

Hair Papilla

46
Q

Types and Growth of Hair

________: pale, fine body hair of children and adult females

A

Vellus hair

47
Q

_______: Coarse long hair
• Found on scalp and eyebrows
• At puberty

•Appear in axillary and pubic regions of both sexes

• Also on face and neck of males

► Nutrition and hormones affect hair growth

► Follicles cycle between active and regressive phases

• Average 2.25 mm growth per week

Lose 90 scalp hairs daily

A

Terminal hair

48
Q

Clinical - Homeostatic Imbalance

› In women, ovaries and adrenal glands

produce small amounts of androgens (male sex hormones), but tumors on these organs can cause abnormally large amounts of androgens

► Can result in excessive hairiness, called _______, as well as other signs of masculinization

▸ Treatment is surgical removal of tumors

A

Hirsutism

49
Q

Hair Thinning and Baldness

▸ ________: hair thinning in both sexes after 40

► True (frank) _______

• Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition

• Male pattern baldness caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone -plays ang important role in sexual development of male)

A
  • Alopecia
  • Baldness
50
Q

Hair thinning can be induced by several factors:

A

• Acutely high fever

• Surgery

• Severe emotional trauma

• Certain drugs (such as antidepressants, blood thinners, steroids, and chemotherapeutic drugs)

• Protein-deficient diets

• Alopecia areata: immune system attacks follicles

• Some hair loss is reversible, but others (such as from burns or radiation) are permanent

51
Q

▸ Scale-like modifications of epidermis that contain hard keratin

▸ Act as a protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes

► Consist of free edge, nail plate, and root

A

Nail

52
Q

________: thickened portion of bed responsible for nail growth

A

Nail Matrix

53
Q

________ is epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate

A

Nail bed

54
Q

________: skin folds that overlap border of nail

A

Nail folds

55
Q

________: nail fold that projects onto surface of nail body Also called cuticle

A

Eponychium

56
Q

________: area under free edge of plate that accumulates dirt

▸ Nails normally appear pink because of underlying capillaries

▸ Abnormal color or shape can be an indicator of disease

A

Hyponychium

57
Q

________: thickened nail matrix, appears white

A

Lunule

58
Q

Also called sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat Glands

59
Q

Sweat Glands Also called

A

sudoriferous glands

60
Q

All skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia contain sweat glands

• About __ million per person

A

3

61
Q

what is the two main types of Sweat glands?

A
  • Eccrine
  • Apocrine
62
Q

The sweat glands Contain ______ cells, It Contract upon nervous system stimulation to force sweat into ducts.

A

myoepithelial

63
Q

► Most numerous type

▸ Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead

▸ Ducts connect to pores

► Function in thermoregulation

• Regulated by symphatetic nervous system

► Their secretion is sweat
• 99% water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe-killing peptide), metabolic wastes

A

Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Glands

64
Q

► Confined to axillary and anogenital areas

▸ Secrete viscous milky or yellowish sweat that contains fatty substances and proteins

• Bacteria break down sweat, leading to body odor

▸ Larger than eccrine sweat glands with ducts emptying into hair follicles

► Begin functioning at puberty Function unknown but may act as sexual scent gland

A

Apocrine Sweat Glands

65
Q

› Modified apocrine glands

________: Lining of external ear canal secrete cerumen (earwax)

________: secrete milk

A
  • Ceruminous Glands
  • Mammary glands
66
Q

► Widely distributed, except for thick skin of palms and soles

► Most develop from hair follicles and secrete

into hair folliclles

► Relatively inactive until puberty

Stimulated by hormones, especially androgens

▸ Secrete Sebum

Oily holocrine secretion

Bactericidal (bacteria-killing) properties

Softens hair and skin

A

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

67
Q

_________ are blocked sebaceous glands. If secretion oxidizes, the whitehead becomes a blackhead.

A

Whiteheads

68
Q

whitehead are blocked sebaceous glands. If secretion oxidizes, the whitehead becomes a _________.

A

blackhead

69
Q

_______ is usually an infectious inflammation of the sebaceous glands, resulting in pimples(pustules)

A

Acne

70
Q

▸ Overactive sebaceous glands in infants can lead to seborrhea, known as “_______”

• Begins as pink, raised lesions on scalp that turn yellow/brown and flake off

A

cradle cap

71
Q

▸ Overactive sebaceous glands in infants can lead to ________, known as “cradle cap”

• Begins as pink, raised lesions on scalp that turn yellow/brown and flake off

A

seborrhea

72
Q

Functions of Skin?

A

► Skin is first and foremost a barrier

► Its main functions include:
• Protection
• Body temperature regulation
• Cutaneous sensations
• Metabolic Functions
• Blood reservoir
• Excretion of wastes

73
Q

Protection
► Skin is exposed to microorganisms, abrasions, temperature extremes, and harmful chemicals

► Constitutes 3 barriers:

A

• Chemical Barrier
• Physical Barrier
• Biological Barrier

74
Q

• Skin secretes many chemicals, such as Sweat, which contains antimicrobial proteins, such as dermcidin.

•Sebum also contains bactericidal substances

• Cells also secrete antimicrobial defensins

A

► Chemical Barrier

75
Q

• Skin secretes many chemicals, such as Sweat, which contains antimicrobial proteins, such as dermcidin.

•Sebum also contains bactericidal substances

• Cells also secrete antimicrobial defensins

A

► Chemical Barrier

76
Q

_________: low pH of skin retards bacterial multiplication

A

▸ Acid Mantle

77
Q

▸ ________ provides a chemical barrier against UV radiation damage

A

Melanin

78
Q

• Flat, dead, keratinized cells of stratum corneum, surrounded by glycolipids, block most water and water-soluble substances

  • Some chemicals have limited penetration of skin:
    • Lipid-soluble substances
    • Organic solvents
    • Salts of heavy metals
    • Some drugs (Nitroglycerin)
    • Drug Agents (enhancers that help carry other drugs across skin)
A

Physical barrier

79
Q

• Epidermis contains phagocytic cells Dendritic cells of epidermis engulf foreign antigens (invaders) and present to white blood cells, activating the immune response

• Dermis contains macrophages Macrophages also activate immune system by presenting foreign antigens to WBC

A

Biological Barriers

80
Q

Under normal, resting body temperature, sweat glands produce about 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat, Called ____________.

A

Insensible perspiration

81
Q

► If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels can increase sweat gland activity to produce 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat

• Called _________; designed to cool body

A

Sensible perspiration

82
Q

Metabolic Functions?

A

▸ Skin can synthesize vitamin D needed for calcium absorption in intestine

► Chemicals from keratinocytes can disarm some carcinogens

▸ Keratinocytes can activate some hormones

• Example: convert cortisone into hydrocortisone

▸ Skin makes collagenase, which aids in natural turnover of collagen to prevent wrinkles

83
Q

► Skin can hold up to 5% of the body’s total blood volume

► Skin vessels can be constricted to shunt blood to other organs, such as an exercising muscle

A

Blood reservoir

84
Q

► Skin can secrete limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes, such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid

▸ Sweating can cause salt and water loss

A

Excretion

85
Q

▸ Skin can develop over 1000 different conditions and ailments

▸ Many internal diseases reveal themselves on skin

► Most common disorders are infections

► Less common, but more damaging, are:

Skin cancer

• Burns

A

Skin Cancer and Burns

86
Q

► Risk factors
• Overexposure to UV radiation
• Frequent irritation of skin

› Some skin lotions contain enzymes that can repair damaged DNA

A

Skin Cancer

87
Q

Give the 3 Major types of skin cancer

A

• Basal cell Carcinoma
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
•Melanoma

88
Q

• Least malignant and most common
• Stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade
dermis and hypodermis
• Cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

A

► Basal Cell Carcinoma

89
Q

▸ Second most common type; can metastasize

► Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

▸ Usually is a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands

► Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

A

▸ Squamous cell carcinoma

90
Q

Cancer of melanocytes; is most dangerous type because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy

Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

• Key to survival is early detection: ABCD rule

• A. Asymetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match

B. border irregularity; exhibits indentations

C. color; contains several colors (black, brown, tan, sometimes red or blue)

D. diameter; larger than 6 mm (size of pencil eraser)

A

Melanoma

91
Q

▸ Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals Damage caused by denaturation of proteins, which destroy cells

> Immediate threat is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Leads to renal shutdown and circulatory shock

► To evaluate burns, the Rule of Nines is used

▸ Body is broken into 11 sections, w/ each section representing 9% of body surface (except genitals which is 1%)

▸ Used to estimate volume of fluid loss

A

Burns

92
Q

Rules of Nines for Burns

Body Surface Area =

Entire Head & Nick =

Entire Right Am =

Entire Left Arm =

Entre Trunk =

Groin =

Entire Right Leg =

Entire Left Leg =

A

9%
9%
9%
36%
1%
18%
18%

93
Q

• Epidermal damage only
-Localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain

A

• First-degree

94
Q

• Epidermal and upper dermal damage

  • Blisters appear
  • First- and second-degree burns are referred to as partial- thickness burns because only the epidermis and upper dermis are involved
A

Second-degree

95
Q

Entire thickness of skin involved (referred to as full- thickness burns)

Skin color turns gray-white, cherry red, or blackened No edema is seen and area is not painful because nerve endings are destroyed

Skin grafting usually necessary

A

Third-degree

96
Q

Burns are considered critical if:

• >___% of body has second-degree burns

• >___% of body has third-degree burns

• Face, hands, or feet bear third-degree burns

A

25%
10%

97
Q

› Treatment in Burns includes:

A

• Debridement (removal) of burned skin
• Antibiotics
• Temporary covering
• Skin grafts

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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