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Anatomy and Physiology > CELLS LIVING UNITS > Flashcards

CELLS LIVING UNITS Flashcards

1
Q

The cell (from Latin _____, meaning “________”) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

A

cella, small room

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2
Q

A ____ is the smallest unit of life.

A

Cell

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3
Q

______ are often called the “building blocks of life”.

A

Cells

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4
Q

► The English Scientist ________ first observed plant cells with a crude microscope in the late 1600s.

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

►In the 1830s, 2 German scientists, ______ and _______, proposed that all living things are composed of cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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6
Q

► German Pathologist _________ extended this idea by contending that cells arise only from other cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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7
Q

Since the late 1800s, cell research has been exceptionally fruitful and provided us with four concepts collectively known as the ________.

A

CELL THEORY

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8
Q

A ____ is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. When you define its properties, you define the properties of life.

A

cell

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9
Q

According to the principle of ________, and ______, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes or forms, and by the relative number of subcellular structures they contain.

A

complementarity of structure and function

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10
Q

►Cells can only arise from other _____.

A

Cells

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11
Q

Cells that store nutrients?

A

Fat cell

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12
Q

Cell that Fight disease?

A

Macrophage

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13
Q

______- Cells that gather information and controls body functions?
______ - has long processes for receiving

A

Nerve cell, Neuron

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14
Q

What is the 3 main parts of Human cell?

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
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15
Q

The ________: is the outer boundary of the cell which acts as a selectively permeable barrier.

A

Plasma Membrane

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16
Q

The ________: The intercellular fluid packed with organelles, small structures that perform specific cell functions.

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

The ________:is an organelle that controls cellular activities. Typically, it lies near the cell’s center.

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

________, also called extracellular fluids, include interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Body Fluids

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19
Q

Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside the cells.

A

Extracurricular Materials/Extracurricular Fluids

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20
Q

It’s like a rich, nutritious “soup,” interstitial fluid contains thousands of ingredients, including amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, regulatory substances, and wastes.

A

Extracurricular Materials/Extracurricular Fluids

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21
Q

To remain healthy, each cell must extract from this mix the exact amounts of the substances it needs depending on present conditions.

A

Extracurricular Materials/Extracurricular Fluids

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22
Q

_________ include substances that aid in digestion (intestinal and gastric fluids) and some that act as lubricants (saliva, mucus, and serous fluids.)

A

Cellular secretions

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23
Q

The _________ is the most abundant extracellular material. Most body cells are in contact with a jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides.

A

extracellular matrix

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24
Q

Secreted by the cells, these molecules self- assemble into an organized mesh in the extracellular space, where they serve as a universal “_______” that helps to hold body cells together

A

cell glue

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25
Q

• The flexible _______ Separates two of the body’s major fluid compartments

  1. Intracellular fluids (ICF)

• 2. Extracellular fluids (ECF)

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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26
Q

The term _________ is commonly used as a synonym for plasma membrane

A

cell membrane

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27
Q

■ Give the Functions of PLASMA MEMBRANE:

A
  • MECHANICAL BARRIER
  • SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
  • ELECTROCHEMICAL
  • COMMUNICATION
  • CELL SIGNALING
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28
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE

_______ - It Separates two of the body’s fluid compartments.

A

MECHANICAL BARRIER

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29
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE

________ - Determines manner in w/c substances enter or exit the cell.

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

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30
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE

_______ - Generates and helps to maintain the electrochemical gradient required for muscle and neuron function.

A

ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

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31
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE

________: Allows cell-to-cell recognition (E.g., of egg by sperm) and interaction.

A

COMMUNICATION

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32
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE

_______: Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior.

A

CELL SIGNALING

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33
Q

PLASMA MEMBRANE

• The _______ forms the basic “______” of the membrane. It is constructed largely of phospholipids, with smaller amounts of glycolipids and cholesterol.

A

lipid bilayer, fabric

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34
Q

Membrane Lipids

PHOSPHOLIPIDS: Each lollipop-shaped phospholipid molecule has a polar “head” that is charged and is _______ (WATER LOVING).

A

hydrophillic

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35
Q

Membrane Lipids

The non polar “tails”, being ________ (WATER FEARING), avoid water and line up in the center of the membrane.

A

hydrophobic

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36
Q

Membrane Lipids

________: They consist of two parallel sheets of phospholipid molecules lying tail to tail, with their polar heads bathed in water on either side of the membrane or organelle.

A

Sandwich-like structure

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37
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer,
“Bi” means?

A

Two →⁠_⁠→

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38
Q

______ molecules have unequal sharing of electrons among atoms.

A

Polar

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39
Q

Membrane Lipids

________ - Are lipids with attached sugar groups. Found only on the outer plasma membrane surface, it accounts for about 5% of the total membrane lipids.

A
  • GLYCOLIPIDS
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40
Q

Membrane Lipids

Some 20% of membrane lipid is ________.

A

Cholesterol

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41
Q

________ - It stabilizes the membrane, while decreasing the mobility of the phospholipids and the fluidity of the membrane.

A

Cholesterol

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42
Q

What is the 2 types of Membrane Proteins?

A
  • Integral Protein
  • Peripheral Protein
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43
Q

Membrane Proteins

________ - have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

A

INTEGRAL PROTEINS

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44
Q

Membrane Proteins

_______ - are not embeded in the lipid bilayer. Instead, they attach loosely to integral proteins and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane.

A

PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

45
Q

Give the tasks of Membrane Proteins.

A

• Transport Proteins.

• Receptors for signaling transduction.

• Attachment to the Cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.

• Enzymatic activity

• Intercellular joining

• Cell to cell recognition

46
Q

_______ - Consists of glycoproteins and glycolipids that form a fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate rich area at the cell surface. Quite honestly, you can think of your cells as sugar-coated.

A

GLYCOCALYX

47
Q

_______ - Is enriched both by glycolipids and by glycoproteins secreted by the cell.

A

Glycocalyx

48
Q

The _______ provides highly specific biological markers by which approaching cells recognize each other.

A

glycocalyx

49
Q

Substances move through the plasma membrane in essentially two ways, what is the two ways?

A
  • PASSIVELY
  • ACTIVELY
50
Q

In _______ processes, substances cross the membrane without any energy input from the cell.

A

passive

51
Q

In _______ processes, the cell provides the metabolic energy (usually ATP) needed to move substances across the membrane.

A

Active

52
Q

________ Is the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration, that is, down or along their concentration gradient.

A

Diffusion

53
Q

Diffusion

• The driving force for diffusion is the ______ energy of the molecules themselves.

• The speed of diffusion is influenced by molecular size (the ______ the faster) and by temperature (The ______, the faster).

A

kinetic

smaller, warmer

54
Q

_______ is immensely important in physiological systems and it occurs rapidly.

A

Diffusion

55
Q

Although there is continuous traffic across the plasma membrane, it is a selectively, or differentially, permeable barrier: It allows some substances to pass while excluding others.

A

Diffusion

56
Q

________ molecules have equal sharing of electrons among atoms.

A

Nonpolar

57
Q

Certain molecules, notably glucose and other sugars, some amino acids, and ions are transported passively even though they are unable to pass through the lipid bilayer. Instead they move through the membrane by a passive transport process called _________.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

58
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

Coffee level is = _____

A

zero

59
Q

What is the 2 types of Passive Transport?

A
  • Simple Diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion
60
Q

Give the difference of Simple Diffusion and Facilitated, then what is the same thing about them.

A

The simple Diffusion does not require Transport Proteins

Facilitated Diffusion requires Transport Proteins

The same thing about them is they are both Moves with Concentration Gradient

61
Q

The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane is _______. Even though water is highly polar, it passes via osmosis through the lipid bilayer.

A

Osmosis

62
Q

Osmosis

WATER also moves freely and reversibly through water-specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________ (AQPs), which allows single- file diffusion of water molecules.

A

AQUAPORINS

63
Q

Osmosis

The total concentration of all solute particles in a solution is referred to as the solution’s ________.

A

osmolarity

64
Q

Osmosis

_______ refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cell’s internal water volume.

A

Tonicity

65
Q

Tonicity

________: Have the same concentrations of non penetrating solutes as those found in the cells.

• Cells exposed to it to retain their normal shape, and exhibit no net loss or gain of water.

• (body’s ICF and most intravenous solutions are this)

A

Isotonic solutions

66
Q

Tonicity

________: Have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell (for example, a strong saline solution.)

• Cells immersed in It lose water and shrink.

A

Hypertonic Solutions

67
Q

Tonicity

________: Are more dilute (contain a lower concentration of non penetrating solutes) than cells.

• Cells placed in it plump up rapidly as water rushes into them.

A

Hypotonic Solutions

68
Q

Tonicity

_______ water represents the most extreme example of hypotonicity. Because it contains no solutes, water continues to enter cells until they finally burst.

A

Distilled

69
Q

It is putting IV infusions into a patient’s bloodstream are usually isotonic, but in certain hyper- or hypotonic solutions are infused instead. Hypertonic solutions are sometimes infused for patients who are edema Tous (swollen because their tissues retain water.) This is done to draw excess water out of the tissues and move it into the bloodstream so the kidneys can eliminate it.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

70
Q

While hypotonic solutions could be used to rehydrate the tissues of extremely dehydrated patients, this is almost never done because of the risk of serious complications. In mild cases of dehydration, drinking hypotonic fluids (such as apple juice and sports drinks) usually does the trick.

A

HOMEOSTATIC ImbalAnce

71
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

________ occurs whenever a cell uses energy to move solutes across the membrane.

A

Active process

72
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

The substances moved actively across the plasma membrane are usually unable to pass in the necessary direction by ___________ processes.

A

passive transport

73
Q

When the substances may be too large to pass through the channels, incapable of dissolving in the lipid bilayer, or moving against its concentration gradient.

A

Active Transport

74
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• Active membrane transport has two major means of active membrane transport:

A

• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- With the use of (ATP) energy

• VESICULAR TRANSPORT
- Endocytosis (ATP)
- Exocytosis (ATP)

75
Q

Endocytosis, Endo Meaning?

A

IN

76
Q

Fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside bubble-ie , membranous sacs called _______.

A

vesicles

77
Q

Give the 3 parts of Endocytosis

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
78
Q

It is a large external particle is surrounded by a pseudopod and becomes enclosed in a vesicle

A

Phagocytosis

79
Q

__________ is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

80
Q

________ is a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules.

A

Pinocytosis (“pino” means “to drink”)

81
Q

________ - It is Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell.

The substance is enclosed in a membranous vesicle, which fuses with the plasma membrane and ruptures, releasing the substance to the exterior.

A

Exocytosis

82
Q

Exocytosis, Exo meaning?

A

Exit

83
Q

Endocytosis is a form of _________ in which a “cell” transports “molecules” (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

A

bulk transport

84
Q

Endocytosis and its counterpart, ________, are used by all cells because most “Chemical Substances” important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane by active means.

A

Exocytosis

85
Q

Endocytosis includes _______(cell drinking) and ________ (cell eating).

A

pinocytosis, phagocytosis

86
Q

It is the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, is the site of most cellular activities.

A

CYTOPLASM

87
Q

In Cystoplasm the electron microscope reveals that it consists of 3 major elements:

A

■ 1. Cytosol

■ 2. Organelles

■ 3. Inclusions

88
Q

Cytoplasm

_______- is the viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended.

A

Cytosol

89
Q

Cytoplasm

________- Are chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on the cell type.

A

Inclusions

90
Q

Cytoplasm

________- are the metabolic machinery of the cell. EACH TYPE OF IT CARRIES OUT SPECIFIC FUNCTION for the cell - some synthesize proteins, others generate ATP, and so on.

A

Organelles

91
Q

CYTOPLASM

• The ________ (LITTLE ORGANS) are specialized cellular compartments or structures, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell.

A

organelles

92
Q

_________ - are typically threadlike or lozenge-shaped membranous organelles.

A

MITOCHONDRIA

93
Q

they are the POWER PLANTS of the cell, providing most of its ATP supply.

A

Mitochondria

94
Q

Busy cells like kidney and liver cells have hundreds of ________, whereas relatively inactive cells (such as certain lymphocytes) have just a few.

A

mitochondria

95
Q

_______ is the fluid that fills cells and serves several important functions.

A

Cytoplasm

96
Q

CYTOPLASM

• Mitochondria has 2 membranes. ______ is smooth and featureless and ______ folds inward, forming shelflike _______ that protrude into the “matrix” the gel-like substance within the mitochondrion.

A

Outer, inner

cristae

97
Q

CYTOPLASM

• _________ are small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNAs called ribosomal RNAs.

• Are sites of protein synthesis.

A

RIBOSOMES

98
Q

Give the 2 divisions of ribosomes

A
  • FREE RIBOSOMES
  • MEMBRANE-BOUND RIBOSOMES
99
Q

Cytoplasm

_________ - float freely in the cytosol

A

FREE RIBOSOMES

100
Q

_________ - are attached to membranes, forming a complex called the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

MEMBRANE-BOUND RIBOSOMES

101
Q

_________ - An extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities, or cisterns.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

102
Q

In ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, There are 2 distinct varieties.
what is the 2 of it?

A
  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
103
Q

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

________ - proteins assembled on these ribosomes thread their way into the fluid-filled interior of the ER Cisterns

It is also the cell’s membrane factory where integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes are manufactured.

A

Rough ER

104
Q

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

________ - continuous with the rough ER and consists of tubules arranged in a looping network.

A

Smooth ER

105
Q

________?

  1. Metabolize lipids, synthesize cholesterol and phospholipids, and synthesize the lipid components of lipoproteins (in liver cells)
  2. Synthesize steroid-based hormones such as sex hormones (testosterone-synthesizing cells of the testes are full of smooth ER)

■ Absorb, synthesize, and transport fats (in intestinal cells)

• Detoxify drugs, certain pesticides, and cancer- causing chemicals (in liver and kidneys)

■ Break down stored glycogen to form free glucose (in liver cells especially

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

106
Q

The _________ is the principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins.

A

golgi apparatus

107
Q

The golgi apparatus is the principal “________” for cellular proteins.

A

traffic director

108
Q

Its major function is to modify, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER and destined for export from the cell.

A

Golgi apparatus

109
Q

_________?

■ 3 steps in this process:

■ 1. Transport vesicles that bud off from the rough ER move to and fuse with the membranes at the convex cis face, the “receiving” side, of the Golgi apparatus.

  1. Inside the apparatus, the proteins are modified: Some sugar groups are trimmed while others are added, and in some cases, phosphate groups are added.
A

Golgi Apparatus

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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