CELLS LIVING UNITS Flashcards
1
Q
The cell (from Latin _____, meaning “________”) is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
A
cella, small room
2
Q
A ____ is the smallest unit of life.
A
Cell
3
Q
______ are often called the “building blocks of life”.
A
Cells
4
Q
► The English Scientist ________ first observed plant cells with a crude microscope in the late 1600s.
A
Robert Hooke
5
Q
►In the 1830s, 2 German scientists, ______ and _______, proposed that all living things are composed of cells.
A
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
6
Q
► German Pathologist _________ extended this idea by contending that cells arise only from other cells.
A
Rudolf Virchow
7
Q
Since the late 1800s, cell research has been exceptionally fruitful and provided us with four concepts collectively known as the ________.
A
CELL THEORY
8
Q
A ____ is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. When you define its properties, you define the properties of life.
A
cell
9
Q
According to the principle of ________, and ______, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes or forms, and by the relative number of subcellular structures they contain.
A
complementarity of structure and function
10
Q
►Cells can only arise from other _____.
A
Cells
11
Q
Cells that store nutrients?
A
Fat cell
12
Q
Cell that Fight disease?
A
Macrophage
13
Q
______- Cells that gather information and controls body functions?
______ - has long processes for receiving
A
Nerve cell, Neuron
14
Q
What is the 3 main parts of Human cell?
A
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
15
Q
The ________: is the outer boundary of the cell which acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
A
Plasma Membrane
16
Q
The ________: The intercellular fluid packed with organelles, small structures that perform specific cell functions.
A
Cytoplasm
17
Q
The ________:is an organelle that controls cellular activities. Typically, it lies near the cell’s center.
A
Nucleus
18
Q
________, also called extracellular fluids, include interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.
A
Body Fluids
19
Q
Substances contributing to body mass that are found outside the cells.
A
Extracurricular Materials/Extracurricular Fluids
20
Q
It’s like a rich, nutritious “soup,” interstitial fluid contains thousands of ingredients, including amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, regulatory substances, and wastes.
A
Extracurricular Materials/Extracurricular Fluids
21
Q
To remain healthy, each cell must extract from this mix the exact amounts of the substances it needs depending on present conditions.
A
Extracurricular Materials/Extracurricular Fluids
22
Q
_________ include substances that aid in digestion (intestinal and gastric fluids) and some that act as lubricants (saliva, mucus, and serous fluids.)
A
Cellular secretions
23
Q
The _________ is the most abundant extracellular material. Most body cells are in contact with a jellylike substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides.
A
extracellular matrix
24
Q
Secreted by the cells, these molecules self- assemble into an organized mesh in the extracellular space, where they serve as a universal “_______” that helps to hold body cells together
A
cell glue
25
• The flexible _______ Separates two of the body's major fluid compartments
1. Intracellular fluids (ICF)
• 2. Extracellular fluids (ECF)
PLASMA MEMBRANE
26
The term _________ is commonly used as a synonym for plasma membrane
cell membrane
27
■ Give the Functions of PLASMA MEMBRANE:
- MECHANICAL BARRIER
- SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
- ELECTROCHEMICAL
- COMMUNICATION
- CELL SIGNALING
28
PLASMA MEMBRANE
_______ - It Separates two of the body's fluid compartments.
MECHANICAL BARRIER
29
PLASMA MEMBRANE
________ - Determines manner in w/c substances enter or exit the cell.
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
30
PLASMA MEMBRANE
_______ - Generates and helps to maintain the electrochemical gradient required for muscle and neuron function.
ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
31
PLASMA MEMBRANE
________: Allows cell-to-cell recognition (E.g., of egg by sperm) and interaction.
COMMUNICATION
32
PLASMA MEMBRANE
_______: Plasma membrane proteins interact with specific chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior.
CELL SIGNALING
33
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• The _______ forms the basic "______" of the membrane. It is constructed largely of phospholipids, with smaller amounts of glycolipids and cholesterol.
lipid bilayer, fabric
34
Membrane Lipids
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: Each lollipop-shaped phospholipid molecule has a polar "head" that is charged and is _______ (WATER LOVING).
hydrophillic
35
Membrane Lipids
The non polar "tails", being ________ (WATER FEARING), avoid water and line up in the center of the membrane.
hydrophobic
36
Membrane Lipids
________: They consist of two parallel sheets of phospholipid molecules lying tail to tail, with their polar heads bathed in water on either side of the membrane or organelle.
Sandwich-like structure
37
Phospholipid Bilayer,
"Bi" means?
Two →_→
38
______ molecules have unequal sharing of electrons among atoms.
Polar
39
Membrane Lipids
________ - Are lipids with attached sugar groups. Found only on the outer plasma membrane surface, it accounts for about 5% of the total membrane lipids.
- GLYCOLIPIDS
40
Membrane Lipids
Some 20% of membrane lipid is ________.
Cholesterol
41
________ - It stabilizes the membrane, while decreasing the mobility of the phospholipids and the fluidity of the membrane.
Cholesterol
42
What is the 2 types of Membrane Proteins?
- Integral Protein
- Peripheral Protein
43
Membrane Proteins
________ - have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
INTEGRAL PROTEINS
44
Membrane Proteins
_______ - are not embeded in the lipid bilayer. Instead, they attach loosely to integral proteins and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane.
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
45
Give the tasks of Membrane Proteins.
• Transport Proteins.
• Receptors for signaling transduction.
• Attachment to the Cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
• Enzymatic activity
• Intercellular joining
• Cell to cell recognition
46
_______ - Consists of glycoproteins and glycolipids that form a fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate rich area at the cell surface. Quite honestly, you can think of your cells as sugar-coated.
GLYCOCALYX
47
_______ - Is enriched both by glycolipids and by glycoproteins secreted by the cell.
Glycocalyx
48
The _______ provides highly specific biological markers by which approaching cells recognize each other.
glycocalyx
49
Substances move through the plasma membrane in essentially two ways, what is the two ways?
- PASSIVELY
- ACTIVELY
50
In _______ processes, substances cross the membrane without any energy input from the cell.
passive
51
In _______ processes, the cell provides the metabolic energy (usually ATP) needed to move substances across the membrane.
Active
52
________ Is the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration, that is, down or along their concentration gradient.
Diffusion
53
Diffusion
• The driving force for diffusion is the ______ energy of the molecules themselves.
• The speed of diffusion is influenced by molecular size (the ______ the faster) and by temperature (The ______, the faster).
kinetic
smaller, warmer
54
_______ is immensely important in physiological systems and it occurs rapidly.
Diffusion
55
Although there is continuous traffic across the plasma membrane, it is a selectively, or differentially, permeable barrier: It allows some substances to pass while excluding others.
Diffusion
56
________ molecules have equal sharing of electrons among atoms.
Nonpolar
57
Certain molecules, notably glucose and other sugars, some amino acids, and ions are transported passively even though they are unable to pass through the lipid bilayer. Instead they move through the membrane by a passive transport process called _________.
Facilitated Diffusion
58
Facilitated Diffusion
Coffee level is = _____
zero
59
What is the 2 types of Passive Transport?
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
60
Give the difference of Simple Diffusion and Facilitated, then what is the same thing about them.
The simple Diffusion does not require Transport Proteins
Facilitated Diffusion requires Transport Proteins
The same thing about them is they are both Moves with Concentration Gradient
61
The diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane is _______. Even though water is highly polar, it passes via osmosis through the lipid bilayer.
Osmosis
62
Osmosis
WATER also moves freely and reversibly through water-specific channels constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________ (AQPs), which allows single- file diffusion of water molecules.
AQUAPORINS
63
Osmosis
The total concentration of all solute particles in a solution is referred to as the solution's ________.
osmolarity
64
Osmosis
_______ refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cell's internal water volume.
Tonicity
65
Tonicity
________: Have the same concentrations of non penetrating solutes as those found in the cells.
• Cells exposed to it to retain their normal shape, and exhibit no net loss or gain of water.
• (body's ICF and most intravenous solutions are this)
Isotonic solutions
66
Tonicity
________: Have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell (for example, a strong saline solution.)
• Cells immersed in It lose water and shrink.
Hypertonic Solutions
67
Tonicity
________: Are more dilute (contain a lower concentration of non penetrating solutes) than cells.
• Cells placed in it plump up rapidly as water rushes into them.
Hypotonic Solutions
68
Tonicity
_______ water represents the most extreme example of hypotonicity. Because it contains no solutes, water continues to enter cells until they finally burst.
Distilled
69
It is putting IV infusions into a patient's bloodstream are usually isotonic, but in certain hyper- or hypotonic solutions are infused instead. Hypertonic solutions are sometimes infused for patients who are edema Tous (swollen because their tissues retain water.) This is done to draw excess water out of the tissues and move it into the bloodstream so the kidneys can eliminate it.
Homeostatic Imbalance
70
While hypotonic solutions could be used to rehydrate the tissues of extremely dehydrated patients, this is almost never done because of the risk of serious complications. In mild cases of dehydration, drinking hypotonic fluids (such as apple juice and sports drinks) usually does the trick.
HOMEOSTATIC ImbalAnce
71
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
________ occurs whenever a cell uses energy to move solutes across the membrane.
Active process
72
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The substances moved actively across the plasma membrane are usually unable to pass in the necessary direction by ___________ processes.
passive transport
73
When the substances may be too large to pass through the channels, incapable of dissolving in the lipid bilayer, or moving against its concentration gradient.
Active Transport
74
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Active membrane transport has two major means of active membrane transport:
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- With the use of (ATP) energy
• VESICULAR TRANSPORT
- Endocytosis (ATP)
- Exocytosis (ATP)
75
Endocytosis, Endo Meaning?
IN
76
Fluids containing large particles and macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside bubble-ie , membranous sacs called _______.
vesicles
77
Give the 3 parts of Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
78
It is a large external particle is surrounded by a pseudopod and becomes enclosed in a vesicle
Phagocytosis
79
__________ is a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
80
________ is a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules.
Pinocytosis (“pino” means “to drink”)
81
________ - It is Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell.
The substance is enclosed in a membranous vesicle, which fuses with the plasma membrane and ruptures, releasing the substance to the exterior.
Exocytosis
82
Exocytosis, Exo meaning?
Exit
83
Endocytosis is a form of _________ in which a "cell" transports "molecules" (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
bulk transport
84
Endocytosis and its counterpart, ________, are used by all cells because most "Chemical Substances" important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane by active means.
Exocytosis
85
Endocytosis includes _______(cell drinking) and ________ (cell eating).
pinocytosis, phagocytosis
86
It is the cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, is the site of most cellular activities.
CYTOPLASM
87
In Cystoplasm the electron microscope reveals that it consists of 3 major elements:
■ 1. Cytosol
■ 2. Organelles
■ 3. Inclusions
88
Cytoplasm
_______- is the viscous, semitransparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended.
Cytosol
89
Cytoplasm
________- Are chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on the cell type.
Inclusions
90
Cytoplasm
________- are the metabolic machinery of the cell. EACH TYPE OF IT CARRIES OUT SPECIFIC FUNCTION for the cell - some synthesize proteins, others generate ATP, and so on.
Organelles
91
CYTOPLASM
• The ________ (LITTLE ORGANS) are specialized cellular compartments or structures, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell.
organelles
92
_________ - are typically threadlike or lozenge-shaped membranous organelles.
MITOCHONDRIA
93
they are the POWER PLANTS of the cell, providing most of its ATP supply.
Mitochondria
94
Busy cells like kidney and liver cells have hundreds of ________, whereas relatively inactive cells (such as certain lymphocytes) have just a few.
mitochondria
95
_______ is the fluid that fills cells and serves several important functions.
Cytoplasm
96
CYTOPLASM
• Mitochondria has 2 membranes. ______ is smooth and featureless and ______ folds inward, forming shelflike _______ that protrude into the "matrix" the gel-like substance within the mitochondrion.
Outer, inner
cristae
97
CYTOPLASM
• _________ are small, dark-staining granules composed of proteins and a variety of RNAs called ribosomal RNAs.
• Are sites of protein synthesis.
RIBOSOMES
98
Give the 2 divisions of ribosomes
- FREE RIBOSOMES
- MEMBRANE-BOUND RIBOSOMES
99
Cytoplasm
_________ - float freely in the cytosol
FREE RIBOSOMES
100
_________ - are attached to membranes, forming a complex called the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
MEMBRANE-BOUND RIBOSOMES
101
_________ - An extensive system of interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities, or cisterns.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
102
In ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, There are 2 distinct varieties.
what is the 2 of it?
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
103
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
________ - proteins assembled on these ribosomes thread their way into the fluid-filled interior of the ER Cisterns
It is also the cell's membrane factory where integral proteins and phospholipids that form part of all cellular membranes are manufactured.
Rough ER
104
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
________ - continuous with the rough ER and consists of tubules arranged in a looping network.
Smooth ER
105
________?
1. Metabolize lipids, synthesize cholesterol and phospholipids, and synthesize the lipid components of lipoproteins (in liver cells)
2. Synthesize steroid-based hormones such as sex hormones (testosterone-synthesizing cells of the testes are full of smooth ER)
■ Absorb, synthesize, and transport fats (in intestinal cells)
• Detoxify drugs, certain pesticides, and cancer- causing chemicals (in liver and kidneys)
■ Break down stored glycogen to form free glucose (in liver cells especially
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
106
The _________ is the principal "traffic director" for cellular proteins.
golgi apparatus
107
The golgi apparatus is the principal "________" for cellular proteins.
traffic director
108
Its major function is to modify, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER and destined for export from the cell.
Golgi apparatus
109
_________?
■ 3 steps in this process:
■ 1. Transport vesicles that bud off from the rough ER move to and fuse with the membranes at the convex cis face, the "receiving" side, of the Golgi apparatus.
2. Inside the apparatus, the proteins are modified: Some sugar groups are trimmed while others are added, and in some cases, phosphate groups are added.
Golgi Apparatus
