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MSK T2 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What vitamin is produced by the Integument?

A

Vitamin D3

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2
Q

What is the function of the Integument?

A

Protection, sensation, thermoregulation, synthesis of vit D

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3
Q

What layers of derm make up the Integument?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A 
Stratum cornermen 
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum basale
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6
Q

What four cells make up the epidermis

A 
Keratinocytes (most predominant) 
Melanocytes 
Markel cells (sensation) 
Langerhans cells (immune)
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7
Q

Where do we find thick skin?

A

Palms, soles

Fingerprints

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8
Q

How many layers epidermis in thick skin?

A

5 layers

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9
Q

How many layers of epidermis in thin skin?

A

4 layers

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10
Q

Where do we find thin skin?

A

Widespread on the body (wherever you have hair and glands)

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of stratum basale?

A

Single layer of keratinocytes with stem cells interspersed

Mitotically active

Cuboidal/low columnar

Contains melanin

Bound by desmosomes apically

Bound by hemidesmosomes basalt

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12
Q

What are some characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

A

Several cell layers thick

Contains polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes

Layer thickens with pressure to produce corns and calluses (high areas of use)

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of stratum granulosum?

A

Thickest layer of non-keratinized portion of epidermis

Keratinocytes contain keratohyalin granules

Irregularly shaped and variable in size

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of Stratum corneum?

A

Anucleate cells, lose nucleus and organelles

Mature keratin

Water proof - layer of lipids

Continuously shed

Thick skin: 15-40
Thin skin: 10-20

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of stratum lucidum?

A

Subdivision of stratum corneum

Only well seen in thick skin

Typically poorly stained, translucent band of cells

No organelles or nuclei

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16
Q

What is the predominant cell type of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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17
Q

What is epidermal water barrier?

A

A barrier of keratinocytes that prevents dehydration and repels water entry

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18
Q

What is desquamation?

A

Loss of squamous cells in the epidermis

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19
Q

What do basal cells do?

A

Synthesize intermediate (keratin) filaments; grouped into bundles, tonofibrils

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20
Q

What do spinous cells do for keratinization?

A

Continue keratin synthesis, begin the synthesis of keratohyalin granules and glycolipid containing lamellar bodies

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21
Q

What do granular cells do for keratinization?

A

Discharge lamellar bodies (water barrier) (lipid component)

Keratohyalin granules w filaggrin present, further promote aggregation of keratin filaments (tonofibrils)

Now a cornified cell -> keratinized

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22
Q

Does the pH increase or decrease as you get more superficial in the layers of epidermis?

A

Decreases (more acidic) because its necessary for losing cells

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23
Q

Describe epidermal differentiation and replacement

A

epidermal cell replacement is initiated by the division of stem cells in the stratum basale

New cells undergo divisions in the stratum basale and move upwards as they differentiate into keratinized cells

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24
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from? And where are they found?

A

Neural crest

Stratum basale

25
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes

26
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Protects nuclei from UV radiation

27
Q

What is an epidermal-melanin unit?

A

One melanocytes maintains an association with a number of keratinocytes (1:36)

28
Q

How is melanin produced?

A

Tyrosine is oxidized into DOPA; polymerization of DOPA

Reactions occur in membrane bound organelles, premelanosomes

29
Q

As more melanin is produced, premelanosomes become what?

A

Melanosomes

30
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells that provide defense against pathogens (develop from monocytes)

31
Q

Where are langerhans cells identifiable?

A

Stratum spinosum

32
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Epidermal cells that function in cutaneous sensation (sensory perception)

33
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

Stratum basale

34
Q

What is merkel cell carcinoma?

A

A rare but highly aggressive form of skin cancer (merkel cells undergo uncontrolled proliferation)

35
Q

What is the dermal epidermal junction?

A

Area of tissue that joins epidermal and dermal layers of skin

(Fingerprints) finger like dermal papillae project into epidermis

Complemented by epidermal protrusions (epidermal ridges)

36
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular layer

37
Q

What is the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

Loose CT immediately beneath epidermis

Thinnest collagen fibers, elastic fibers

Dermal papilla and ridges

Has Vasculature and nerve endings

38
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

The deep layer of the dermis

Thicker and less cellular

Has langer lines (lines of tensIon)

39
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous fascia

Adipose tissue

Energy storage site and insulation

Hair follicles

40
Q

What is a Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

Sensory nerve endings that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli

Touch receptors responsive to low-frequency stimuli

41
Q

Where do the meissner’s corpuscle present?

A

In the dermal papillae just beneath the epidermis

42
Q

What is the pacinian corupscle?

A

Large, ovoid structure found in the deeper dermis and hypodermis

Fingertips, joints, peristoeum, and internal organs

Detects pressure or vibration

43
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Nerve endings that terminate in the stratum granulosum

Free in that they lack connective tissue

Fine touch, heat, cold and pain

Surround hair follicles

44
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Oil glands; produce a lipid mixture of sebum via Holocene secretion

Wavy mix of triglycerides and cholesterol

45
Q

What is formed when sebum is discharged into the infundibulum (Hair follicle)

A

A pilosebaceous canal

46
Q

What are the two types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine

47
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands?

A

Simple, coiled glands distributed over the entire body surface except lip and external genitalia

Temperature regulation via cooling (evaporation of h2o from sweat on body surface)

48
Q

What are aprocine sweat glands?

A

Large-lumen tubular glands that use metro rinse secretion

Found int he Axilla, areola and nipple, skin around anus and external genitalia

49
Q

What are the components of sweat?

A

Water, salt, ammonia, uric acid and mucinogen granules

Subject to cholinergic regulation

50
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do?

A

Facilitate expulsion of secretions

51
Q

What do hair matrix cells do?

A

Rapidly divide and account for hair growth

52
Q

What are the three parts of the hair shaft?

A

Medulla, cortex and cuticle

53
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Central part of the shaft (loosely connected keratinized cells)

54
Q

What’s the cortex?

A

Largest layer, located outside the medulla (hard keratin filaments)

55
Q

What is the cuticle of hair?

A

The outermost layer (several layers of overlapping, keratinized squamous cells)

56
Q

What is the nail root?

A

The most proximal region, covers the nail matrix

57
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

It’s where stem cells divide and form keratinocytes

Nail plate remains attached to nail bed
Pushed forward by continuous growth

58
Q

What is the lunula?

A

The crescent shaped white area near the nail matrix

59
Q

What is the nail cuticle?

A

The extension of skin covering nail root

MSK T2 (18 decks)

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