Foot Flashcards
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
Thickened fascia of the plantar fascia; arises from the calcaneus posteriorly and divides into five bands
What is plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome? What are the causes?
Plantar aponeurosis inflammation at the proximal attachment (calcaneus)
The pain is most severe after sitting and getting out of bed
Causes are running, high impact exercise, worn out shoes, overweight
What can plantar fasciitis lead to?
A heel spur can develop (a bony process)
What are the two foot muscles on the dorsum of the foot? What are they innervated by?
Extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis
Deep fibular nerve
What are the three muscles in the first layer of plantar muscles?
Abductor digiti minimi M
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Where do the first layer of plantar muscles originate?
The calcaneus
What are the two muscles of the second layer of plantar muscles?
Quadratus plantae M
Lumbrical Muscles
What does the quadratus plantae m do?
Joins the tendons of flexor digitorum longus to calcanus, which allows it to assist in flexing the lateral four digits
Where do the lumbricals originate? What is the action
The flexor digitorum longus tendons
Flex MP joint, extend PIP and DIP joints
What are the three muscles in the third layer of the plantar muscles?
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor hallucis (transverse head and oblique head)
Flexor hallucis brevis (two heads, medial and lateral)
What are the muscles of the fourth layer of plantar muscles?
Interossei muscles between metatarsals:
Three plantar interossei (digits, 3,4,5)
Four dorsal interossei (digits 2,3,4)
What is hallux valgus?
A foot deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe
What is a bunion?
Tender and inflamed bursa of the hallux
What are corns?
Inflamed areas of thick skin over the proximal interphalangeal joints
What is mallet toe?
Flexion in the distal IP joint
What is hammer toe?
Extension at the MP joint and flexion at the proximal IP joint
What is claw toe?
Extension at the MP joint and flexion at both IP joints
What is trigger toe?
A deformity in large toe, extend MP, flex IP
What causes toe deformities?
Shortened flexor muscles, which override lumbrical function
What do the medial and lateral plantar nerves supply?
All intrinsic muscles of the foot and plantar skin
Where does the medial plantar nerve run?
Passes deep to abductor hallucis, terminates near metatarsal bases by dividing into four sensory branches, the medial three and half digits
What does the medial plantar nerve innervate?
Abductor hallucis m
Flexor digitorum brevis m
Medial one lumbrical m
Flexor hallucis brevis
What does the lateral plantar nerve innervate?
Abductor digiti minimi m
Quadratus plantae m
Lateral three lumbricals m
Adductor hallucis m
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Interossei
Which arteries supply the dorsum of the foot?
The lateral tarsal artery, lateral malleolar artery, dorsalis pedis, which gives rise to arcuate artery and deep plantar artery
What nerve runs with dorsalis pedis?
Medial branch of deep fibular nerve
What is the blood supply for the plantar aspect of the foot?
Medial and lateral plantar arteries (from the posterior tibial artery)
What arteries does the medial plantar artery give rise to?
Medial two plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
What arteries does the lateral plantar artery give rise to?
3rd-6th plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
