Foot

Question 1

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 1

Thickened fascia of the plantar fascia; arises from the calcaneus posteriorly and divides into five bands

Question 2

What is plantar fasciitis/heel spur syndrome? What are the causes?

Answer 2

Plantar aponeurosis inflammation at the proximal attachment (calcaneus)

The pain is most severe after sitting and getting out of bed

Causes are running, high impact exercise, worn out shoes, overweight

Question 3

What can plantar fasciitis lead to?

Answer 3

A heel spur can develop (a bony process)

Question 4

What are the two foot muscles on the dorsum of the foot? What are they innervated by?

Answer 4

Extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum brevis

Deep fibular nerve

Question 5

What are the three muscles in the first layer of plantar muscles?

Answer 5

Abductor digiti minimi M

Flexor digitorum brevis

Abductor hallucis

Question 6

Where do the first layer of plantar muscles originate?

Answer 6

The calcaneus

Question 7

What are the two muscles of the second layer of plantar muscles?

Answer 7

Quadratus plantae M

Lumbrical Muscles

Question 8

What does the quadratus plantae m do?

Answer 8

Joins the tendons of flexor digitorum longus to calcanus, which allows it to assist in flexing the lateral four digits

Question 9

Where do the lumbricals originate? What is the action

Answer 9

The flexor digitorum longus tendons

Flex MP joint, extend PIP and DIP joints

Question 10

What are the three muscles in the third layer of the plantar muscles?

Answer 10

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Adductor hallucis (transverse head and oblique head)

Flexor hallucis brevis (two heads, medial and lateral)

Question 11

What are the muscles of the fourth layer of plantar muscles?

Answer 11

Interossei muscles between metatarsals:

Three plantar interossei (digits, 3,4,5)

Four dorsal interossei (digits 2,3,4)

Question 12

What is hallux valgus?

Answer 12

A foot deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe

Question 13

What is a bunion?

Answer 13

Tender and inflamed bursa of the hallux

Question 14

What are corns?

Answer 14

Inflamed areas of thick skin over the proximal interphalangeal joints

Question 15

What is mallet toe?

Answer 15

Flexion in the distal IP joint

Question 16

What is hammer toe?

Answer 16

Extension at the MP joint and flexion at the proximal IP joint

Question 17

What is claw toe?

Answer 17

Extension at the MP joint and flexion at both IP joints

Question 18

What is trigger toe?

Answer 18

A deformity in large toe, extend MP, flex IP

Question 19

What causes toe deformities?

Answer 19

Shortened flexor muscles, which override lumbrical function

Question 20

What do the medial and lateral plantar nerves supply?

Answer 20

All intrinsic muscles of the foot and plantar skin

Question 21

Where does the medial plantar nerve run?

Answer 21

Passes deep to abductor hallucis, terminates near metatarsal bases by dividing into four sensory branches, the medial three and half digits

Question 22

What does the medial plantar nerve innervate?

Answer 22

Abductor hallucis m

Flexor digitorum brevis m

Medial one lumbrical m

Flexor hallucis brevis

Question 23

What does the lateral plantar nerve innervate?

Answer 23

Abductor digiti minimi m

Quadratus plantae m

Lateral three lumbricals m

Adductor hallucis m

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Interossei

Question 24

Which arteries supply the dorsum of the foot?

Answer 24

The lateral tarsal artery, lateral malleolar artery, dorsalis pedis, which gives rise to arcuate artery and deep plantar artery

Question 25

What nerve runs with dorsalis pedis?

Answer 25

Medial branch of deep fibular nerve

Question 26

What is the blood supply for the plantar aspect of the foot?

Answer 26

Medial and lateral plantar arteries (from the posterior tibial artery)

Question 27

What arteries does the medial plantar artery give rise to?

Answer 27

Medial two plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries

Question 28

What arteries does the lateral plantar artery give rise to?

Answer 28

3rd-6th plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries