Insulin

Question 1

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Poyuria, polydispia, polyphagia

Question 2

What is diabetes mellitus

Answer 2

Chronic disease resulting from deficient glucose metabolism and insufficient insulin secretion from beta cells

Question 3

Type 1

Answer 3

Insulin dependent

Question 4

Type 2

Answer 4

Non-insulin dependent

Question 5

Secondary DM

Answer 5

Due to medication (glucocorticoids, thiazides diuretics, epinephrine)

Question 6

Gestational DM

Answer 6

Due to hormonal changes in second and third semester

Question 7

Hyperglycemia signs and symptoms

Answer 7

3 P’s
Dehydration 
Glycosuria
Métodos
Acidosis 
Lethargy 
Fruity breath

Question 8

Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms

Answer 8

Polyphagia 
Anxiety
Irritability 
HA
Tachycardia 
Shaking 
Sweating 
Slurring speech 
Seizures

Question 9

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 9

A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).

Question 10

Disorders associated with diabetes

Answer 10

Atherosclerosis
Retinopathy (eyes)
Neuropathies (peripheral neuropathy)
Nephropathy (kidney)

Question 11

Beta cells

Answer 11

Cells that make insulin and control level of glucose

Question 12

How much does glucose have to be for DM to occur

Answer 12

> 200 mg/dL

Question 13

Causes of type 1

Answer 13

Viral infections
Environmental conditions
Genetic factors

Question 14

Cause of type 2

Answer 14

Heredity and obesity

Question 15

Test for DM

Answer 15

Hemoglobin A1c

Question 16

Hemoglobin A1c

Answer 16

Measured the amount of a hemoglobin the the blood that has glucose attached to it—reflect the average glucose level up to 3 months

Question 17

Levels of hemoglobin A1c

Answer 17

<5.0 don’t have diabetes

>6.5 have DM

Question 18

What drugs can cause hyperglycemia?

Answer 18

Glucocorticoids (cortisone, prednisone)
Thiazide diuretics (HCTZ)
Epinephrine

Question 19

What are the 2 groups of antidiabetic agents?

Answer 19

Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs

Question 20

Humility insulin

Answer 20

Duplicated insulin produced by pancreas that is administer SQ (low allergic effects and resistance)

Question 21

How do you administer insulin?

Answer 21

Can’t by PO because of GI secretions would destroy structure
Can be given IV only on critical setting
Rotate site of injection to avoid lipodytophy

Question 22

Lipodysteophy

Answer 22

Tissue atrophy-abnormal distribution of fat on the body

Question 23

Methods of insulin administration

Answer 23

Insulin pen injectors, pumps, jet injectors

Question 24

Types of insulin

Answer 24

Rapid acting 
Short acting 
Intermediate acting 
Long acting 
Combinations

Question 25

Rapid acting insulin types and administration

Answer 25

Lispro (humalog) and insulin as part (novolog)

Don’t administer more than 5 mins before meal

Question 26

Short acting insulin

Answer 26

Clear, regular insulin, given 30 mins before meal

ONLY TYPE TO BE ADMINISTERED IV

Question 27

Long acting insulin

Answer 27

Lantus

Evenly distributed in 24 hrs

Question 28

Intermediate acting insulin

Answer 28

NPH
lente
Humulin N

Question 29

Storage of insulin

Answer 29

Keep unopened vials refrigerator

Do not freeze

Question 30

Somogyi effect

Answer 30

Hypoglycemia in the middle of the night (2-4am)
Stimulate release of hormones: cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine
Reduce bedtime insulin

Question 31

What is the blood sugar level for hyperglycemia: diabetes ketoacidosis

Answer 31

> 250 mg/dL

Question 32

Dawn phenomenon

Answer 32

Hyperglycemia when waking up

Increase bedtime dose of insulin