Insulin Flashcards
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Poyuria, polydispia, polyphagia
What is diabetes mellitus
Chronic disease resulting from deficient glucose metabolism and insufficient insulin secretion from beta cells
Type 1
Insulin dependent
Type 2
Non-insulin dependent
Secondary DM
Due to medication (glucocorticoids, thiazides diuretics, epinephrine)
Gestational DM
Due to hormonal changes in second and third semester
Hyperglycemia signs and symptoms
3 P’s Dehydration Glycosuria Métodos Acidosis Lethargy Fruity breath
Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms
Polyphagia Anxiety Irritability HA Tachycardia Shaking Sweating Slurring speech Seizures
Diabetic ketoacidosis
A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).
Disorders associated with diabetes
Atherosclerosis
Retinopathy (eyes)
Neuropathies (peripheral neuropathy)
Nephropathy (kidney)
Beta cells
Cells that make insulin and control level of glucose
How much does glucose have to be for DM to occur
> 200 mg/dL
Causes of type 1
Viral infections
Environmental conditions
Genetic factors
Cause of type 2
Heredity and obesity
Test for DM
Hemoglobin A1c
Hemoglobin A1c
Measured the amount of a hemoglobin the the blood that has glucose attached to it—reflect the average glucose level up to 3 months
Levels of hemoglobin A1c
<5.0 don’t have diabetes
>6.5 have DM
What drugs can cause hyperglycemia?
Glucocorticoids (cortisone, prednisone)
Thiazide diuretics (HCTZ)
Epinephrine
What are the 2 groups of antidiabetic agents?
Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs
Humility insulin
Duplicated insulin produced by pancreas that is administer SQ (low allergic effects and resistance)
How do you administer insulin?
Can’t by PO because of GI secretions would destroy structure
Can be given IV only on critical setting
Rotate site of injection to avoid lipodytophy
Lipodysteophy
Tissue atrophy-abnormal distribution of fat on the body
Methods of insulin administration
Insulin pen injectors, pumps, jet injectors
Types of insulin
Rapid acting Short acting Intermediate acting Long acting Combinations
Rapid acting insulin types and administration
Lispro (humalog) and insulin as part (novolog)
Don’t administer more than 5 mins before meal
Short acting insulin
Clear, regular insulin, given 30 mins before meal
ONLY TYPE TO BE ADMINISTERED IV
Long acting insulin
Lantus
Evenly distributed in 24 hrs
Intermediate acting insulin
NPH
lente
Humulin N
Storage of insulin
Keep unopened vials refrigerator
Do not freeze
Somogyi effect
Hypoglycemia in the middle of the night (2-4am)
Stimulate release of hormones: cortisol, glucagon, epinephrine
Reduce bedtime insulin
What is the blood sugar level for hyperglycemia: diabetes ketoacidosis
> 250 mg/dL
Dawn phenomenon
Hyperglycemia when waking up
Increase bedtime dose of insulin
