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Physiology > Inner Environment > Flashcards

Inner Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Isovolemia

A

Constant volume

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2
Q

Isotonia

A

Constant osmotic pressure

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3
Q

Isoionia

A

Constant ion composition

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4
Q

Isohydria

A

Constant pH

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5
Q

The ‘flickering cluster’ is used to describe…

A

The quarternary order of water

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7
Q

What are the most important functions of water?

A
  1. Solvent; a medium for reactions
  2. Source of osmotic forces
  3. Comparment and form
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8
Q

Give the water content of blood

A

90%

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9
Q

Give the water content of liver, muscle and brain

A

70-75%

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10
Q

Give the water content of bone

A

25%

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11
Q

Give the water content of fat

A

10%

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12
Q

Give the barriers separating compartments

A

Cell membranes

Capillary walls

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13
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Permeable for water without restriction
  • Selective for every other substance
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14
Q

Capillary wall

A
  • Retains colloids
  • Permeable for every other substances
  • >50,000 daltons cannot pass through capillary wall
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15
Q

Which parts of the membrane determine transport?

A
  • Lipid double layer
  • Complex proteins:
    • Receptors
    • Enzymes
    • Carriers
    • Channels
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16
Q

What are the types of membrane transport?

A
  • Passive transport:
    • Simple diffusion
    • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport:
    • From direct energy source
    • From indirect energy source
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17
Q

What is the ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water in the body?

A
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18
Q

Total body water (TBW) =

A

Extracellular compartment + Intracellular compartment

600-650 ml/bwkg

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20
Q

What are the subcompartments of the EC space?

A
  • Intravasal (circulation)
  • Tissues (interstitial)
  • Transcellular (seperated by epithelial cell layers)
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21
Q

Give examples of transcellular extracellular subcompartments

A
  1. Synovial fluid
  2. Aqueus humour
  3. Glandular discharges
  4. Urinary bladder contents
  5. Gastrointestinal tract
  6. Rumen
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22
Q

Intravascular water is divided into…

A
  • Plasma water
  • Blood cells
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23
Q

Interstitium water is split into…

A
  • Soft tissues
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Bone tissue
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24
Q

What proportion of body water is in plasma water?

A

45 ml/bwkg

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25
Q

What proportion of body water is in blood cells?

A

35 ml/bwkg

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26
Q

What proportion of body water is in soft tissue?

A

120-150 ml/bwkg

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27
Q

What proportion of body water is in bone tissue?

A

45 ml/bwkg

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28
Q

What proportion of body water is in fibrous connective tissue?

A

45 ml/bwkg

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29
Q

What proportion of water is in the Interstitium?

A

250 ml/bwkg

30
Q

What proportion of water is in the Trancellular compartment?

A

15 ml/bwkg

31
Q

When measuring the EC compartment by dilution principle, what are the two phases of dilution of indicator in the extracellular space?

A
  • Quickly equilibrating space
    • Fast (0.5 - 1 hour)
    • Bloody plasma
    • Interstitium
    • Lymph
  • Slowly equilibrating space
    • Uniform distribution (8-10 hours later)
    • Bone
    • Transcellular space
32
Q

What is the formula for Stewart dilution principle in a living organism?

A
  • S = Substance*
  • C0 = Calculated original concentration*
  • V = Volume*
33
Q

Give the graph for the Stewart dilution principle

A
34
Q

The intracellular compartment is considered to be…

A

Uniform

even though it contains a number of small compartments

35
Q

What is the green arrow indicating?

A

Outflow

36
Q

What does this graph show?

A

Concentration of indicator with time

Shows EC fluid distribution from the compartment at differnet rates

37
Q

What is the green arrow indicating?

A

Backflow

38
Q

What is the green arrow indicating?

A

Slow excretion

39
Q

What is used to quantify volume of the EC space?

A

Sterwart dilution principle

42
Q

How does the concentraion of indicater change in a living organism?

A

It decreases constantly

  • Permeate barriers
  • Metabolised
  • Excreted by kidney, lung or skin
46
Q

Extrapolation of the concentration/time graph allows…

A

Extrapolation of data to calculate the C0

47
Q

What is assessment of total body water based on?

A

Dilution principle:

  • 3H2O
  • 2H2O
  • Antipirina
  • Urea
  • Thiourea
48
Q

What is exsciccation?

A

Dessiccation until a constant mass is reached

at 105°C

49
Q

“in vivo”

A

“Within the living”

50
Q

What does the green arrow show?

A

Fast distribution

C0 (f)

shows the volume of the soft tissues

51
Q

What does the green arrow show?

A

Slow distribution

C0 (s)

Shows the volume of the soft plus fibrous tissues

52
Q

What does the green arrow show?

A

Late distribution

C0 (l)

Shows the volume of the soft, fibrous and bone tissues

53
Q

Formula to calculate density

A

m/V

54
Q

Density of bone

A

1.56 g/ml

55
Q

Density of soft tissue

A

1.06 g/ml

56
Q

Density of fat

A

0.94 g/ml

57
Q

As % fat in the body increases, TBW…

A

Decreases

58
Q

How is quantification of the EC compartment measured?

A

Substances observed diffusing accross the capillary wall

These do not cross the cell membrane

59
Q

Which substances are suitable for Quantification of the EC compartment?

A
  • Inulin
  • Mannitol
  • Sacharose
  • Isotopes of EC ions
    • Na+
    • Cl-
    • Br-
63
Q

How can the intravascular compartment be quantified?

A

Substances do not cross the capillary wall

Do not cross the cell membrane

64
Q

Which substances are suitable for measuring the proprotion of body water in plasma?

A

In albumin, globulin or fibrinogen:

  • Evans blue
  • 131 v. 125 iodine
65
Q

Quantity of Intracellular component =

A

Total Body Water - Extracellular Compartment

66
Q

Quantity of Interstitial volume =

A

Extracellular volume - Intravasal volume

67
Q

Symptoms of Isoosmotic hypovolemia

A
  • Hemorrage
  • Burn
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
68
Q

Symptoms of Hyperosmotic hypovolemia

A
  • Hydropenia: Decreased intake
  • Increased loss
  • Increased evapouration
  • Diabetes insipidus
69
Q

Symptoms of Hypoosmotic hypovolemia

A
  • Decreased salt intake
  • Primary salt loss
  • Sweating
  • Hypoadrenocorticalismus (Salt loss through kidney)
70
Q

Give the three types of dehydration/hypovolemia

A
  1. Isoosmotic hypovolemia
  2. Hyperosmotic hypovolemia
  3. Hypoosmotic hypovolemia
71
Q

Give the three types of Hyperhydration/Hypervolemia

A
  1. Isoosmotic hypervolemia
  2. Hyperosmotic hypervolemia
  3. Hypoosmotic hypervolemia
72
Q

Symptoms of Isoosmotic hypervolemia

A
  • Oedema
  • Overdose physiological saline
    • per os (through mouth)
    • Parenterally
73
Q

Give the symptoms of Hyperosmotic hypervolemia

A

Hyperosmotic fluid intake orally or parenterally

74
Q

Symptoms of Hypoosmotic hypervolemia

A
  • Exaggerated water uptake
  • Water retention in the kidney (ADH overproduction)
75
Q

Time taken for IC and EC isoosmosis to form

A

30 minutes

76
Q

Time taken for isovolemia to restore

A

2 days

77
Q

‘Milieu interieur’

A
  • “The living organism does not live in an outer environment but in its own fluid environment”*
  • Claude Bernard

Physiology (18 decks)

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