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Physiology > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Ions make up …% of solutes

A

95%

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2
Q

Formula to calculate osmotic pressure

A

P = r × C × R × T

  • P: Osmotic pressure*
  • r: reflection coefficient*
  • C: Conc. of dissolved substance*
  • R: General gas constant*
  • T: Temperature*
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3
Q

Describe the Reflection coefficient

A
  • If a substance cannot diffuse accross the membrane
    • Coefficient value = 1
  • If a substance can pass freely
    • Coefficient value = 0
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4
Q

Describe Molarity

A

​​mol/liter

  • Anelectrolites:
    • 1 mol dissolved substance in 1 litre
    • Has an osmotic pressure of 2.27 MPa
  • Molarity of body fluids:
    • Unit: mmol/l
    • Osmotic pressure measured in kPa
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5
Q

Osmolarity

A

1 osmol/l = 6×1023 dissolved substance / liter

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6
Q

Molality

A

mol/kg

  • No. mol of substance in 1kg solvent
  • Correlated with freezing point depression
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7
Q

Calculate molality

A
  • Electrolites:
    • Conc. x dissociation constant
    • (1 mol NaCl - 3.72°C)
  • Anelectrolites:
    • Conc. related to freezing point
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8
Q

Define Osmolality

A

Measures of the body’s electrolyte-water balance

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9
Q

Freezing point depression for water

A

1.86 °C

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10
Q

Freezing point depression for blood plasma

A

0.56°C

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11
Q

Calculate osmolality:

  • For dilute anelectrolite solutions
A

mosmol/kg = mmol/kg

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12
Q

Calculate osmolality:

  • For complete dissociation
A

moslmol/kg = mmol/kg x no. dissociated ions

(E.g NaCl has 2 dissociated ions, Na+ + Cl-)

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13
Q

Calculate osmolality:

  • For concentrated solutions
  • (Biological fluids)
A

mosmol/kg = mmol/kg x g

  • g: osmotic coefficient*
  • Plasma NaCl - g=0.926*
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14
Q

Oncotic/colloidosmotic pressure

A

Pressure maintained by proteins and colloid particles

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15
Q

Give the anelectrolite concentrations of the blood plasma

A
  • Glucose:
    • 5 mmol/l (Monogastric)
    • 3 mmol/l (Ruminants)
    • 10 mmol/l (Birds)
  • Urea: 3-10 mmol/l
  • NPN 15-25mmol/l

NPN = ‘Non-protein nitrogen’

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16
Q

Give the concentrations of the cations in blood plasma

A
  • Na+ = 140 mmol/l
  • K+ = 4 mmol/l
  • Mg2+ = 1.5 mmol/l
  • Ca2+ = 1.25 mmol/l
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17
Q

Give the concentrations of the anions in blood plasma

A
  • Cl- = 110 mmol/l
  • HCO3- = 27 mmol/l
  • Protein = 17 mmol/l
  • Phosphate = 2 mmol/l
  • Sulphate = 1 mmol/l
  • Organic acids = 4 mmol/l
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18
Q

Value of osmolality of blood plasma calculated based on total electrolyte concentration

A

280 mmol/kg

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19
Q

Value of osmolality of blood plasma calculated by freezing point depression

A

300 mmol/kg

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20
Q

Calculate non-ionic osmolality

A

300 mmol/kg - 280 mmol/kg

(Freezing point osmolality - total electrolyte osmolality)

= 20 mmol/kg

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21
Q

Give the concentration of plasma proteins

A

60-80 g/l

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22
Q

Give the oncotic pressure (Osmotic pressure of plasma proteins)

A

2.7-3.4 kPa

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23
Q

Give the molarity of plasma proteins

A

1.2-1.5 mmol/l

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24
Q

How are plasma proteins quanitfied?

A

Kjeldahl method

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25
Q
  • Formula to calculate protein concentration
  • Approximate value
A

Oncotic pressure / Osmotic pressure of 1 mol/l

Approximately 2.5 mmol/l

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26
Q
A

100 µmol/l

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27
Q
A

50 (50-200) µmol/l

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28
Q
A

< 60-200 µmol/l

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29
Q
A

25%

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30
Q
A

50%

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31
Q
A

25%

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32
Q
A

3-10 mmol/l

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33
Q
A

~ 5 mmol/l

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34
Q

Give the methods of fractionation

A
  • Paperelectrophoresis
  • Geleelectrophoresis
  • Immunoelectrophoresis
  • HPLC
  • Ultracentrifuging
  • Gel-filtration
  • Affinity chromatography
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35
Q

Paperelectrophoresis

A
  • Only fibrinogen and albumin can be seperated
  • Other proteins can be found in globulin fraction
    • a mixture of hundreds of different proteins
  • Can be used to identify over 300 different proteins
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36
Q

Gelelectrophoresis

A
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37
Q

Ultracentrifuging

A
  • High G developed in an ultracentrifuge vacuum
  • Macromolecules separated according to sedimentation constants
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38
Q

Ion exchange chromatography

A

Seperates proteins on the basis of their charge

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39
Q

Gel-filtration

A
  • Seperation with polysaccharide beads (dextran)
  • Protein with small molecular weight can infiltrate the beads
    • Proteins therefore spends more time in the beads
  • Bigger molecules are washed away faster than the smaller ones
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40
Q

Affinity chromatography

A
  • Beads covalently bind a specific antibody
    • Antibody is produced against the protein to the bead
  • Proteins will be selected from a mixture by the antibodies
  • The rest of the proteins will be washed away
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41
Q

Immune electrophoresis

A
  • Antibody distributed in a gel
  • Gel poured on a sheet of glass
  • Electric field applied
  • Precipitation arcs with the antigen left behind
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42
Q

HPLC

A

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

  • High pressure perfusion
  • Divides proteins in a solid phase column
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43
Q
A
  • 60-70 kDa
  • 55%
  • 45 g/l
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44
Q
A
  • 45-200 kDa
  • 6%
  • 4 g/l
45
Q
A
  • 50-800 kDa
  • 8%
  • 6 g/l
46
Q
A
  • 90-350 kDa
  • 11%
  • 8 g/l
47
Q
A
  • 340 kDa
  • 5%
  • 3-6 g/l
48
Q
A
  • 150-1000 kDa
  • 20%
  • 15 g/l
49
Q

List the functions of plasma proteins

A
  • Maintain oncotic pressure
  • Transport functions
    • albumin
    • globulin
  • Blood sedimentation
  • Buffer action
  • Blood clotting
  • Immunity
  • As the role of an enzyme
  • General protein metabolism
50
Q

Oncotic pressure:

  • Responsible by
  • Purpose
A
  • Albumin responsible for 80% of pressure
  • Keeps water in circulation
51
Q

What does albumin transport?

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Bilirubin
  • Hormones
  • Vitamins
  • Metal ions
    • Calcium, copper, zinc
52
Q

What do globulins transport?

A

Transferrin: Iron

Haptoglobin: Hemaglobin

Transcortin: Corticoids

TBG: Thyroxin

Transcobalamin: Vitamin B12

53
Q

Lipoprotein

A

Globulin

Lipids bind to proteins in the plasma or are closed into a protein envelope

Density depends on the fat/protein ratio

54
Q

Give the varieties of lipoprotein

A
  • VLDL: Very low density
  • IDL: Intermediate density
  • LDL: Low density
  • HDL: High density
55
Q

Give the diameter of Chylomicron

56
Q

What percentage of HDL is protein?

57
Q

What percentage of LDL is Vitamin C Ester?

58
Q

Give the process of blood sedimentation from the point of infection

A
  1. Acute phase proteins and immunoglobulins displace albumin from RBC surface
  2. Total charge of RBC surface decreases
  3. Less repulsion, faster sedimentation
  4. Inflammation
  5. Appearance of immunoglobulins
59
Q

Give the increase of acute phase proteins during inflammation

A
  • Complement proteins: 1.5x
  • Fibrinogen: 3x
  • Haptoglobin: 3x
  • C-reactive proteins: 100-3000x
  • Serum amyloid-A: 100-3000x
60
Q

Give the importance of plasma proteins when acting as a buffer

A

Responsible for:

  • 7% buffer capacity of the blood
  • 15% buffer capacity of the plasma

Not as important as hemoglobin, which is responsible for 35% buffer capactiy of blood

61
Q

Give the importance of plasma proteins during blood clotting

A
  • All coagulation factors are plasma proteins (except Ca2+)
  • These circulate inactively in the intravasal compartment
  • Anticoagulation and fibrinolysis factors are plasma proteins too
62
Q

Plasma proteins in immunity

A
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Complement proteins
  • Signal proteins
63
Q

Functions of plasma enzymes

A
  • Hormone inactivation
  • Activated blood coagulation factors: Enzymes
  • Enzymes of: liver, kidney, muscle and heart
    • Hold diagnostic importance
64
Q

Give the factors of general protein metabolism

A

Plasma proteins change constantly

Regeneration capacity of 25% per day

(plasmapheresis)

10 g/l decrease in conc. means 1kg decrease in the total protein content of the body

65
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesised?

A

The liver

Except for:

  • Gamma globulins
  • HDL and VLDL
  • IC enzymes
66
Q

Where are gamma globulins produced?

A

Plasma cells

67
Q

Where are HDL’s and VLDL’s produced?

A

Intestinal epithelium

68
Q

Where are IC enzymes produced?

A

In their respective organs

69
Q

Give the pathological change of hypoproteinemia

A

Starvation

70
Q

Give the pathological change of hyperproteinemia

A

Kidney disease

71
Q

Give the pathological change of dysproteinemia

A

Ratio changes of e.g Albumin/globulin

72
Q

Give the pathological change of paraproteinemia

A

Appearance of pathological proteins

E.g Tumour Bence-jones proteins

73
Q

Give the pathological change of defect-proteinemia

A

Lack of some fractions

Genetic E.g fibrinogen

74
Q

What are the two important factors determining the formation of ISF?

A
  • Transport through the capillary wall
  • Forces determining transport
75
Q

Which contents of plasma can pass freely thorugh the capillary wall?

A
  • Water
  • Electrolites
  • Crystalloids
76
Q

How can protein move from the Intravascular space to the interstitial space?

A

Pynocytosis and Exocytosis

77
Q

How does the ISF become concentrated with proteins?

A
  • ISF fluid moves back to the capillary
  • Proteins cannot get back
  • Protein concentration increases

Plasma/ISF electrolite conc. ratio doesn’t change much

78
Q

Describe the transport of colloids in relation to capillaries

A

Capillary wall acts as a barrier

Little transport occurs in continuous capillaries with help of specific carrier systems.

79
Q

Which capillaries are permeable for proteins?

A

Sinusoids in the liver

80
Q

How can molecules pass the capillary wall?

A
  • By fenestration
  • Interendothelialy
  • Trancellularly
  • By cytosis
81
Q

The the forces determining transport and therefore composition of the interstitial fluid is determined by…

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmotic conditions
  • Electric forces
  • Hydrostatic forces
82
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Most substances crossing the capillary membrante are transported this way
  • Particles moving without restriction continuously
83
Q

What causes water to move from the ISF to the intravasal compartment?

A

Oncotic pressure

84
Q

If movement of a component is restricted between two compartments…

A

The concentration of diffusible ions will be different in the compartments after the balance develops

85
Q

Electroneutrality

A

The total amount of anions and cations have to be equal in certain compartments

86
Q

Thermodynamic rule

A

The product of the concentrations of diffusilbe ions must be equal on both sides of the membrane

87
Q

Give the main principles of Gibbs-Donnan balance

A

Electroneutrality previals

Sum of electromotive force developed by cations and anions is 0 in the case of balance.

Balanced with the Nernst equation:

E = RT / nF × ln([Ion]inside / [Ion]outside )

88
Q

What can be derived from this formula?

A

The ratio of anion and cation concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane

89
Q

Because proteinate ions cannot pass through a dyalizing membrane, what differences can be seen between K+ and Cl- concentrations either side of a membrane?

90
Q

Give the distribution quotient (ISF/Plasma)

A

[K+]i / [K+]o = [Cl-]o / [Cl-]i = 1.05

91
Q

Why is the ratio of concentraion between the Intravasal compartment/interstitium smaller than Intracellular compartment/interstitium?

A

Less protein conc. difference in the IC compartment and the ISF

Compared with

More protein conc. difference in the Plasma and the ISF

92
Q

What continually moves water into the plasma?

A

Osmotic pressure

93
Q

What continuously moves water out of the plasma?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

94
Q

Which pressure is higher at the arterial end of a capillary?

  • Hydrostatic pressure
  • Oncotic pressure
A

Hydrostatic pressure

Results in filtration

95
Q

Which pressure is higher at the venous end of a capillary?

  • Hydrostatic pressure
  • Oncotic pressure
A

Oncotic Pressure

Results in resorption

96
Q

Oedema is a kind of…

A

ISF overproduction

(Local or general isoosmotic hypervolemia)

97
Q

How can oedema be tested?

A

Pressing the oedematous area with the hand leaves an impression

98
Q

What causes effective filtration pressure?

A

Oncotic and hydrostatic forces

99
Q

The difference between oncotic and hydrostatic forces is greater:

  • On the arterial end?
  • On the venous end?
A

On the arterial end

100
Q

What is the net filtration rate?

A

3-4ml/minute/100kg body mass

101
Q

The excess volume from net filtration is removed by…

A

Lymph vessels

102
Q

Oedema is the result of…

A
  • Overfiltration
  • Decreased resorption
103
Q

Give the concentrations of the anions in the interstitial fluid

A

Cl<span>-</span>: 114mmol/l

HCO3-: 28mmol/l

104
Q

Give the concentrations of the cations in the interstitial fluid

A

Na+: 135mmol/l

K+: 4mmol/l

Mg2+: 1.5mmol/l

Ca2+: 1.25mmol/l

105
Q

Interstitial drainage and protein resorption is responsible by

A

The lymphatic system

106
Q

Intracellular fluid

A
  • High conc. of IC substances
  • Volume and osmolarity - kept in a narrow range
  • Selective permeability
  • Stable ion, crystalloid and protein content
107
Q

Describe selective permeability of the cell membrane

A
  • Membrane is permeable only for certain ions and substances
  • Regulated transport requiring energy
108
Q

How does osmolarity inside cells increase?

A

Proteins attract ions into the cell

109
Q

Give strategies to stop cells from bursting from high water content

A
  • Some protozoons excrete water actively
  • Plants have a strong cell wall
  • Mammalian cells use ion transport (using energy)

Physiology (18 decks)

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