Immunophysiology Flashcards
What did Edward Jenner achieve?
What was his method?
- Invented the vaccine
- Pus taken from a cowpox pustule
- Inserted into the arm of a boy
- The boy was vaccinated
What are the two pathways of removing pathogens?
- Innate/Natural immunity
- Adaptive/Acquired immunity
Summary of natural immunity
- Cellular and humoral elements remove pathogens
- Not antigen specific
- Immediate reaction
- Activated by toll-like receptor
Summary of aquired immunity
- Production of specific antibodies
- Response can be humoral or cellular
Which type of antigen aren’t antibodies produced against
Major histocompatibility complex
Innate and active immune processes are divided into 3 phases:
- Afferent phase
- Central Phase
- Efferent Phase
What occurs during the Afferent phase of innate immunity?
Responsive immune cells are prepared
What occurs during the central phase of innate immunity?
Specific immunoglobulins (Abs) produced in large quanitites
What occurs during the Efferent phase of innate immunity?
Non-self matter is eliminated
Give the organs of the Primary immune system
- Thymus
- Bursa
- Embryonic liver
- Bone marrow (Red and yellow)
Give the organs of the secondary immune system
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- MALT (Mucosa assoicated lymph tissue)
- GALT (Gut associated lymph tissue)
Which long-term process is shown in the figure?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/278/222/q_image_thumb.png?1538741205)
The involution of the thymus over a lifetime
What are macrophages derived from?
Monocytes
Which cells can kill viruses-infected and tumour cells without a previous encounter?
Natural killer cells
Natural killer cells don’t require binding to…
MHC-Ag complex
They can kill tumour cells that have low levels of MHC molecules
Which cell surface markers are absent from NK cells?
CD4 and CD8 antigens
NK cells posess … which prevent lysis of cells with MHC molecules
Killer inhibitory receptors
cells bind to these to avoid being eliminated
Which NK receptors cause lysis of target cells?
Killer activating receptors
Which cell is described as the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system
Dentritic cell (Innate immune system)
contains TLRs
Describe the immune system activation via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)
- Receptor acts as a sensor
- Recognises microorganisms by ligand binding
- Activates innate immune system
- Inflammation
If toll gene is mutated, the system wont work
How many toll-receptors have been identified?
10+
Give the varieties of toll-like receptor
External TLRs: On the cell surface
Internal TLRs: On endosomes
Why can’t the innate immune system be called ‘completely non-specific’?
TLRs recognise certain pathogenic substances
Therefore not specific
What is the main role of dendritic cells?
- Search for microorganisms
- Initiate inflammation
- Engulf microorganisms
- Process the microoganisms
- Express MHC receptors
List the main molecular components of the Innate immune response
- Complement factors
- Heat shock proteins
- FC receptors
- Inflammatory cytokines
- Histamine
List the main cellular components of the innate immune response
- Macrophages
- NK cells
- Granulocytes
- Dendritic cells
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
List the main molecular components of the Aquired immune response
- Antibodies
- MHC
- T+B cell receptors
- Lymphatic cytokines
List the main cellular components of the aquired immune response
- B+T Lymphocytes
- APCs
- Dendritic cell
- Follicular dendritic cell
List the main functional characteristics of the aquired immune response
- Antigen specific
- Immunological memory
- Activated after latency period
- Exponential amplification of reaction
Name the three pathways to activate the mechanism of the complement system
- Classic pathway
- Alternative pathway
- Mannose binding lectin activated pathway
Describe the clasic pathway to the complement system
- Previously produced specific antibody + antigen:
- Build a complex
- Complex initates the process
Describe the alternative pathway to the complement system
- Previously unknown antigen
- Appears and acts as a trigger
Describe the Mannose binding lectin activated pathway to the complement system
Mannose-binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surface
What is the function of the complement system?
- Lysis of bacterial membranes
- Initiation of chemotaxis
- Stimulate opsonisation
After the complement system has been activated
- Autocatalytic process
- Complement protein activation in plasma
- Membrane-drill formed
- Pathogen membrane disturbed
- Death of pathogen
Chemotaxis
Complement factors attract phagocytes to the site of reaction
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/281/442/q_image_thumb.png?1538745674)
Membrane drill
The three complement activating pathways converge to the…
C3 complement component
What are the two major forms of aquired/specific immune response
- Humoral Immunity
- Cellular immunity
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/287/416/q_image_thumb.png?1538746034)
Clones of B cells
In secondary lymph organs
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/287/626/q_image_thumb.png?1538746099)
Ag stimulus
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/287/637/q_image_thumb.png?1538746137)
- Blastic transformation
- Plasma cells
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/287/680/q_image_thumb.png?1538746177)
- Helper
- Supressor
- Cytotoxic
Hematopoietic stem cells are produced in…
Bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells produce…
- Myeloid progenitor cells
- Lymphoid progenitor cells
Which inflammatory cells does the Myeloid progenitor cell produce?
- Neutrophil
- Basophil
- Eosinophil
- Monocyte
Which cells does the monocyte produce?
- Dendritic cell
- Macrophage
Why is active immunity named as such?
The system actively responds to the antigen
Passive immunity
Individual made immune by recieving cells/immunoglobulins by an immunised individual
Acquired immunity is divided into which two groups?
- Active immunity - specific, creates memory
- Passive immunity - specific, no memory
What occurs during the Afferent phase of acquired immunity?
- Ly-repertoir express receptors
- Recognise Ags, Ag and LyR interactions
- Ag activation + processing
- Discrimination between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’
What occurs during the Central phase of acquired immunity?
Non-specific immune cells undergo:
- Activation
- Proliferation
- Differentiation
- B-cells → Plasma cells*
- T-Cells → Effector T-Lymphocytes*
What occurs during the Efferent phase of acquired immunity?
- Immune cells eliminate ‘non-self’ structures
- Protect/develop tolerance against ‘self’ structures
Major characteristics of humoral immunity
- Antigen recognition: by Antibodies or T/B-cell receptors
- Immunoglobulins specifically bind ligands
- Immunoglobulin production
Give the regions/chains of immunoglobulins
- Heavy chains
- Light chains
- Variable regions
- Constant regions
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/289/562/q_image_thumb.png?1538748721)
Heavy chain
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/289/763/q_image_thumb.png?1538748747)
Light Chain
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/289/783/q_image_thumb.png?1538748795)
Variable Region
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/289/836/q_image_thumb.png?1538748858)
Constant Region
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/289/939/q_image_thumb.png?1538748921)
Flexible Hinge region
Which part of the antibody binds to the antigen binding domain?
The aminoterminal end
Which part of the antibody binds to the surface receptors of cells
Effector region
Immunoglobulins can be cleaved by enzymes into…
- Antigen binding fragments
- Crystallisable Fragments
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/290/258/q_image_thumb.png?1538749248)
1: Monovalent
2: Bivalent
Which part of the antibody is in the red box?
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/255/290/452/q_image_thumb.png?1538749306)
FAB
(Fragment antigen binding)