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Physiology > Immunophysiology > Flashcards

Immunophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What did Edward Jenner achieve?

What was his method?

A
  • Invented the vaccine
  • Pus taken from a cowpox pustule
  • Inserted into the arm of a boy
  • The boy was vaccinated
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2
Q

What are the two pathways of removing pathogens?

A
  • Innate/Natural immunity
  • Adaptive/Acquired immunity
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3
Q

Summary of natural immunity

A
  • Cellular and humoral elements remove pathogens
  • Not antigen specific
  • Immediate reaction
  • Activated by toll-like receptor
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4
Q

Summary of aquired immunity

A
  • Production of specific antibodies
  • Response can be humoral or cellular
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5
Q

Which type of antigen aren’t antibodies produced against

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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6
Q

Innate and active immune processes are divided into 3 phases:

A
  • Afferent phase
  • Central Phase
  • Efferent Phase
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7
Q

What occurs during the Afferent phase of innate immunity?

A

Responsive immune cells are prepared

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8
Q

What occurs during the central phase of innate immunity?

A

Specific immunoglobulins (Abs) produced in large quanitites

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9
Q

What occurs during the Efferent phase of innate immunity?

A

Non-self matter is eliminated

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10
Q

Give the organs of the Primary immune system

A
  • Thymus
  • Bursa
  • Embryonic liver
  • Bone marrow (Red and yellow)
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11
Q

Give the organs of the secondary immune system

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • MALT (Mucosa assoicated lymph tissue)
  • GALT (Gut associated lymph tissue)
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12
Q

Which long-term process is shown in the figure?

A

The involution of the thymus over a lifetime

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13
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

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14
Q

Which cells can kill viruses-infected and tumour cells without a previous encounter?

A

Natural killer cells

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15
Q

Natural killer cells don’t require binding to…

A

MHC-Ag complex

They can kill tumour cells that have low levels of MHC molecules

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16
Q

Which cell surface markers are absent from NK cells?

A

CD4 and CD8 antigens

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17
Q

NK cells posess … which prevent lysis of cells with MHC molecules

A

Killer inhibitory receptors

cells bind to these to avoid being eliminated

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18
Q

Which NK receptors cause lysis of target cells?

A

Killer activating receptors

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19
Q

Which cell is described as the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system

A

Dentritic cell (Innate immune system)

contains TLRs

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20
Q

Describe the immune system activation via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)

A
  • Receptor acts as a sensor
    • Recognises microorganisms by ligand binding
  • Activates innate immune system
  • Inflammation

If toll gene is mutated, the system wont work

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21
Q

How many toll-receptors have been identified?

A

10+

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22
Q

Give the varieties of toll-like receptor

A

External TLRs: On the cell surface

Internal TLRs: On endosomes

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23
Q

Why can’t the innate immune system be called ‘completely non-specific’?

A

TLRs recognise certain pathogenic substances

Therefore not specific

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24
Q

What is the main role of dendritic cells?

A
  1. Search for microorganisms
  2. Initiate inflammation
  3. Engulf microorganisms
  4. Process the microoganisms
  5. Express MHC receptors
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25
Q

List the main molecular components of the Innate immune response

A
  • Complement factors
  • Heat shock proteins
  • FC receptors
  • Inflammatory cytokines
  • Histamine
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26
Q

List the main cellular components of the innate immune response

A
  • Macrophages
  • NK cells
  • Granulocytes
  • Dendritic cells
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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27
Q

List the main molecular components of the Aquired immune response

A
  • Antibodies
  • MHC
  • T+B cell receptors
  • Lymphatic cytokines
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28
Q

List the main cellular components of the aquired immune response

A
  • B+T Lymphocytes
  • APCs
    • Dendritic cell
    • Follicular dendritic cell
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29
Q

List the main functional characteristics of the aquired immune response

A
  • Antigen specific
  • Immunological memory
  • Activated after latency period
  • Exponential amplification of reaction
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30
Q

Name the three pathways to activate the mechanism of the complement system

A
  • Classic pathway
  • Alternative pathway
  • Mannose binding lectin activated pathway
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31
Q

Describe the clasic pathway to the complement system

A
  • Previously produced specific antibody + antigen:
  • Build a complex
  • Complex initates the process
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32
Q

Describe the alternative pathway to the complement system

A
  • Previously unknown antigen
  • Appears and acts as a trigger
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33
Q

Describe the Mannose binding lectin activated pathway to the complement system

A

Mannose-binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surface

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34
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A
  • Lysis of bacterial membranes
  • Initiation of chemotaxis
  • Stimulate opsonisation
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35
Q

After the complement system has been activated

A
  1. Autocatalytic process
  2. Complement protein activation in plasma
  3. Membrane-drill formed
  4. Pathogen membrane disturbed
  5. Death of pathogen
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36
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Complement factors attract phagocytes to the site of reaction

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37
Q
A

Membrane drill

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38
Q

The three complement activating pathways converge to the…

A

C3 complement component

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39
Q

What are the two major forms of aquired/specific immune response

A
  • Humoral Immunity
  • Cellular immunity
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40
Q
A

Clones of B cells

In secondary lymph organs

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41
Q
A

Ag stimulus

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42
Q
A
  • Blastic transformation
  • Plasma cells
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43
Q
A
  • Helper
  • Supressor
  • Cytotoxic
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44
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells are produced in…

A

Bone marrow

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45
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells produce…

A
  • Myeloid progenitor cells
  • Lymphoid progenitor cells
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46
Q

Which inflammatory cells does the Myeloid progenitor cell produce?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Monocyte
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47
Q

Which cells does the monocyte produce?

A
  • Dendritic cell
  • Macrophage
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48
Q

Why is active immunity named as such?

A

The system actively responds to the antigen

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49
Q

Passive immunity

A

Individual made immune by recieving cells/immunoglobulins by an immunised individual

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50
Q

Acquired immunity is divided into which two groups?

A
  • Active immunity - specific, creates memory
  • Passive immunity - specific, no memory
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51
Q

What occurs during the Afferent phase of acquired immunity?

A
  • Ly-repertoir express receptors
  • Recognise Ags, Ag and LyR interactions
  • Ag activation + processing
  • Discrimination between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’
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52
Q

What occurs during the Central phase of acquired immunity?

A

Non-specific immune cells undergo:

  • Activation
  • Proliferation
  • Differentiation
  • B-cells → Plasma cells*
  • T-Cells → Effector T-Lymphocytes*
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53
Q

What occurs during the Efferent phase of acquired immunity?

A
  • Immune cells eliminate ‘non-self’ structures
  • Protect/develop tolerance against ‘self’ structures
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54
Q

Major characteristics of humoral immunity

A
  • Antigen recognition: by Antibodies or T/B-cell receptors
  • Immunoglobulins specifically bind ligands
  • Immunoglobulin production
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55
Q

Give the regions/chains of immunoglobulins

A
  • Heavy chains
  • Light chains
  • Variable regions
  • Constant regions
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56
Q
A

Heavy chain

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57
Q
A

Light Chain

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58
Q
A

Variable Region

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59
Q
A

Constant Region

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60
Q
A

Flexible Hinge region

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61
Q

Which part of the antibody binds to the antigen binding domain?

A

The aminoterminal end

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62
Q

Which part of the antibody binds to the surface receptors of cells

A

Effector region

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63
Q

Immunoglobulins can be cleaved by enzymes into…

A
  • Antigen binding fragments
  • Crystallisable Fragments
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64
Q
A

1: Monovalent
2: Bivalent

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65
Q

Which part of the antibody is in the red box?

A

FAB

(Fragment antigen binding)

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66
Q

Which part of the antibody is in the red box?

A

FC

Fraction crystallisable

(responsible for biological effect)

67
Q

Which part of the antibody is in the red box?

A

2 x Hypervariable antigen binding sites

Each binds one antigen

68
Q

Which part of the antibody is in the red box?

A

Joint region (‘hinge’)

Allow flexibility during binding

69
Q

Variability in antibody class is known as…

A

Isotipia

70
Q

Variability in individual antibodies is known as…

A

Allotipia

71
Q

Variability in antibody Type is known as…

A

Idiotipia

72
Q

Idiotype is determined by which region?

A

Variable region

73
Q

Isotype is determined by which region?

A

Constant region

74
Q

What forms antibodies?

A

Immunoglobin domains

75
Q

Immunoglobulin domain

A

Loops form in the peptide chain

Caused by disulphide bonds

76
Q
A

Complimentary Determining Region (CDR)

77
Q
A

kappa

lambda

78
Q
A

Mu

79
Q
A

Gamma 1-4

80
Q
A

Alpha 1-2

81
Q
A

Delta

82
Q
A

Epsilon

83
Q
A

Neutrophil

Macrophage

84
Q
A

Basophil

Mast cell

85
Q
A

IgA dimer produced

Secreted into interstitial fluid

86
Q
A

IgA binds to polymeric receptor

Contains secretory component

87
Q
A

Secretory vesicle

Secretory IgA seperates

88
Q
A

Secretory IgA binds to pathogen

89
Q
A

Secretory-IgA

90
Q
A

Pentamer IgM

91
Q

Due to the size of Pentamer IgM, it causes a blockage in transplacental transfer of IgM, preventing…

A

Haemoblastosis fetalis

92
Q

Monofunctional character of immunoglobulins is…

A

FAB dependent function

93
Q

Polyfunctional character of immunoglobulins is a…

A

FC dependent function

94
Q

Non-activated B-lymphocytes produce

A

IgM

becuase Cµ is next to VDJ

95
Q

When is Monofunctional character of immunoglobulins activated?

A

Before antigen administration

96
Q

When is polyfunctional character of immunoglobulins activated?

A

After antigen administration

97
Q

Immunoglobulins are synthesised by…

A

B-lymphocytes

98
Q

During the humoral immune response, B-lymphocytes with B-cell receptors (BCR) are called…

A

Recognising cells

As they bind to a specific antigen

99
Q

Antigen binding to B-lymphocytes causes…

A

Cell differentiation:

B-lympocyte → Plasma cell

Plasma cell secretes antibodies

100
Q

Primary antibody repertoire

A

A set of immunoglobulins produced by B-cells:

  • 109 different antigen determinants
  • No antigen stimulus
  • B-cell recognises a single antigen
101
Q

What is shown?

A

Model of clone selection theory

102
Q

1

A
  • Lymphocyte clones mature
  • Specific for diverse antigens
103
Q

2

A
  • Lymphocyte clones contact with antigens
  • Go to lymph organs
  • Antigens are selecting appropriate lymphocytes
  • Then activating antigen-specific clones
104
Q

3

A
  • Clones converted to plasma cells​

Result: Antigen specific immune response

105
Q

Clone selection theorises that B-lymphcytes specific to an antigen are…

A

Already present before infection

106
Q

It can be deduced from the clone selection theory that…

A

Immunoglobulins against all antigens are produced, and are stored on the B-lymphocyte cell surface

107
Q

What ensures genetic diversity of immunoglobulins?

A

Gene rearrangement

108
Q

What is shown in the figure?

A

Gene structure of a mouse heavy chain locus

109
Q

L=

A

Leader

First section of the proteins

110
Q

V=

A

Variable region

of the heavy chain

111
Q

D=

A

Diversity supporting region

112
Q

J=

A

Joining region

113
Q

C=

A

Constant region

114
Q

What do the red numbers represent?

A

DNA section length

115
Q

Describe immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

A
  • Segments join randomly
    • Can recognise millions of different antigens
  • Isotype switching
    • Antigen stimulus → H-chain changes
116
Q

Which process is shown in the diagram?

A

Isotype switching

117
Q

List the stages of gene rearrangement

A
  1. Somatic recombination D-J joining
  2. Somatic recombination V-D-J joining
  3. Deleted DNA collapses in nucleus
118
Q

List the stages of isotype switching

A
  1. Linear deletion (proliferation/differentiation of B-cells)
  2. Transcription + Translation
  3. Final product
119
Q

Switching of Immunoglobin class happens due to…

A

Alternative splicing

at an mRNA level

120
Q

List the stages of Alternative splicing

A
  • Rearranged DNA → Transcription
  • Primary RNA transcript → Splicing
  • mRNA → Translation
  • M heavy chain/ IgM produced
121
Q

What regulates class-switching?

A

Cytokines

122
Q

Which different ‘Constant region’ RNA transcripts exist?

Which isotypes do they produce?

A
  • Cµ → IgM
  • Cγ → IgG
  • Cα → IgA
  • Cδ → IgE
  • Cε → IgD
123
Q

Give the major characteristics of the immune response

A
  • Specificity
  • Diversity
  • Memory
  • Self restriction
  • Differentiation of self fron non-self
124
Q

What is an antigen?

A
  • Substance recognised by T/B cell receptors
  • Induces active immune response/tolerance
125
Q

Immunogen

A

Fine chemical structure, which can induce specific immune response

126
Q

Epitope

A

Region of the antigen molecule recognized by Ig/BcR or TcR

127
Q

Paratop

A

Ligand pair of the epitope

128
Q

Hapten

A
  • Antigen
  • Can’t induce immune reaction itself
  • Recognised by immunoglobulins
129
Q

Carrier

A
  • Holds hapten molecules on the surface
  • Doesn’t participate in the anti-hapten immune reaction
130
Q
A

No AB

131
Q
A

Anti-BSA

132
Q
A
  • Anti-T4
  • Anti-BSA
  • Anti-T4/BSA
133
Q

Immunogenicity

A

The capacity to create immune response

134
Q

Immunogenicity is determined by…

A
  • Grade of fereignness
  • Molecular weight
  • Structure complexity
135
Q

Antigenicity is determined by…

A
  • Binding force
  • Specificity
136
Q

Immune reaction followed by a repeated immunisation by the body is called…

A

Secondary immune response

137
Q

Give the steps of the secondary immune response

A
  1. Antigen stimulus
  2. Lymphocyte proliferation and increase
  3. Antibody + memory cell production
138
Q

Which cells allow for faster, more efficient immune responses?

A

Memory cells

139
Q

Which molecules are responsible for ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ differentiation?

A
  • Immunoglobulins
  • B cell receptors (BcR)
  • T cell receptors (TcR)
  • MHC class I and II molecules
140
Q

MHC molecules are genetically determined, true or false?

A

True

141
Q

What is shown in the figure?

A

Class I (Left) and Class II (Right) MHC molecules

142
Q

After the APC binds to the T-helper cell, what occurs

A
  1. Cytokine production in APC (importantly, dentritic cells)
  2. Interleikin-2 production in T-helper cell
  3. Activating T-helper cell proliferation
143
Q

MHC II can be found in…

A
  • Langerhans cell
  • Interdigital cell
  • Dendritic cell
  • B-lymphocytes
  • Macrophage cells
144
Q

Fc Receptors can be found in…

A
  • Langerhans cell
  • Dendritic cells
  • B-lymphocytes
  • Macrophage cells
145
Q

C3b receptors can be found in…

A
  • Langerhans cell
  • Dendritic cells
  • B-lymphocytes
  • Macrophage cells
146
Q

Phagocytosis can be found in…

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • Macrophages
147
Q

In which two phases does humoral acquired immunity develop?

A
  • Antigen-independent (Preparatory)
  • Antigen dependent
148
Q

Antigen-independent phase of humoral aquired immunity

A
  • Pre-B-lymphocytes → virgin-B-lymphocytes
  • IgG-like molecule appears on the cell surface
  • Enter the blood
149
Q

Antigen-dependent phase of humoral aquired immunity

A
  • Virgin-B-lymphocyte binds to compatible Antigen on APC
  • Virgin-B-lymphocyte is activated by interleukins
  • May be T-helper cell independent or dependent
  • B-lymphocytes undergo blastic transformation in secondary lymph organs
  • Eventually, immunoglobulins are released into blood
150
Q

Antigen-independent phase of cellular aquired immunity

A
  • Pre-T-lymphocytes → virgin-T-lymphocytes
  • IgG-like molecule (TCR) appears on the cell surface (becomes Ti cell)
  • Enter the blood
151
Q

Antigen-dependent phase of cellular aquired immunity

A

If Ti cell carries CD4 antigen:

  • Cell can recognise an antigen on an APC with an MHC-II antigen
  • Link between APC and Ti-cell = Primary stimulation
  • Ti cell activation → blastic transformation
  • T helper cell produced
152
Q

Ti-cells with a CD8 antigen…

A

Recognises antigens expressed beside MHC-1 antigen

Tumour and virus antigens

Leads to Cytotoxic T-cells being produced

153
Q

Cytotoxic T-cell

A

Immediately kills cells with tumor and virus antigens

154
Q

Give the stages of T-lymphocyte maturation in the thymus

A
  1. T-lymphocyte receptors appear
  2. Immature lymphocytes can bind to MHC structures
  3. Positive selection: Only lymphocytes that can bind survive
  4. Negative selection: Lymphocytes which recognise both MHC and Self-Ag must die.
155
Q

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

A
  • Kill virally infected cells
  • Kill tumor cells
  • Kill cells with cytosolic bacteria
156
Q

CD4+ T cells (TH)

A
  • Cytokine production
  • TH1: Activates macrophages
  • TH2: Activates B cells → Antibody production
157
Q
A

Latency

158
Q
A

Log-phase

159
Q
A

Plateau

160
Q
A

Decrease

161
Q
A

Primary response

162
Q
A

Secondary response

163
Q

What is shown in the diagram

A

The interactions vetween the nervous, endocrine and immune systems

Physiology (18 decks)

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