Innate Immunity Flashcards
Enumerate the systems of Innate Immunity
■ Skin and Mucous membranes
■ Formed Elements in the Blood
■ Lymphatic System
■ Complement System
■ Inflammation and Fever
■ Interferons
Enumerate parts of Skin and Mucous membranes
■ Epidermis
■ Mucus in mucous membranes
■ Cilia in respiratory tract
■ Tears
■ Saliva
■ Flow of urine
■ Vaginal secretions
■ Defecation and vomiting
■ Sebum
■ Gastric acid
■ Lysozyme
■ Normal microbiota
Enumerate system of formed elements in the blood
■ Erythrocytes/RBCs
■ Leukocytes/WBCs
■ Platelets
Enumerate the Granulocytes of Leukocytes (WBC)
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Enumerate the Agranulocytes of Leukocytes (WBC)
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes
Phagocytosis is its function
Neutrophils
Its function is production of histamine
Basophils
Its function is production of toxic proteins against certain parasites; some phagocytosis
Eosinophils
Its functions is phagocytosis (when they mature into macrophages)
Monocytes
Its funtions is phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune reesponses
Dendritic cells
Its functions is to destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis
Natural killer cells of Lymphocytes
Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils) and
Monocytes/Macrophages/Dendritic Cells
Phagocytes
ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a
cell
Phagocytosis
population of cells that descend from monocytes
Reticuloendothelial (Mononuclear Phagocytic) System
Two components of the phagocytes Reticuloendothelial (Mononuclear Phagocytic) System
Fixed Macrophages/Histiocytes
Free/Wandering Macrophages
resident in certain tissues and
organs of the body
Fixed Macrophages/Histiocytes
roam the tissues and gather at
sites of infection/inflammation
Free/Wandering Macrophages
Enumerate the Fixed macrophages
■ Kupffer cells
■ Alveolar macrophages
■ Microglial cells
■ Langerhans Cells
■ Splenic macrophages
■ Peritoneal macrophages
consists of a fluid (lymph), vessels (lymphatic vessels), and structures and organs
containing lymphoid tissue
Lymphatic System
where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
Primary Lymphatic Organs
e.g. bone marrow and thymus
Primary Lymphatic Organs
where most immune responses occur
Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues
e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix, MALT (mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue)
Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues
contains large numbers of lymphocytes and phagocytes
Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues
has lymph nodes
Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues
sites of activation of T cells and B cells
Lymph nodes
consists of >30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the
blood and within tissues
Complement System
C1 through C9; activate by splitting
inactive precursors
with lowercase letters
active fragments:
complements cells of the immune system in destroying microbes and acts in cascade
Complement System
what are the 3 pathways of complement system
– Classical
– Alternative
– Lectin
where does all pathway end in what activation?
C3
Antigen-antibody immune complexes
Classical pathway
PAMP recognition by lectins
Lectin pathway
Spontaneous hydrolysis
Alternative pathway
What are the Outcomes of Complement Activation
Cytolysis
Oposonization
Inflammation
a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage
inflammation
5 cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation:
– Pain
– Redness
– Loss of function
– Swelling
– Heat
What are the functions of inflammation?
– to destroy/remove the injurious agent
– if destruction/removal is not possible, to limit the effects
on the body by confining or walling it off
– to repair or replace damaged tissue
What are the steps involved in inflammation
- Vasodilation and Increased Permeability
- Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
- Tissue Repair
Enumerate some of vasoactive mediator
Histamine
Kinins
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Complement
Cytokines
Its effect is vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels and Sources are mast cells, basophils and platelets
Histamine
Its effects is chemotaxis by attracting neutrophils and its Sources are blood plasma
Kinins
Its effects are to intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary vessels and its sources are damaged cells
Prostaglandines
Its effects is to increase permeability of blood vessels and help to attach phagocytes to pathogens and its sources are mast cells and basophils
Leukotrienes
Its effects are to stimulate release of histamines, attracts phagocytes, and promotes phagocytosis and its sources are blood plasma
Complementary
Its effect is vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels and Sources fixed macrophages
Cytokines
develop rapidly and last for
a few days or weeks
Acute inflammation
mild and self-limiting
Acute inflammation
principal defensive cells:
neutrophils
Acute inflammation
develop slowly and last up
to several months or years
Chronic inflammation
severe and progressive
Chronic Inflammation
principal defensive cells:
monocytes and
macrophages
Chronic inflammation
abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the
hypothalamic thermostat
Fever
What does LPS of gram (-) bacteria triggers phagocytes to release what?
Cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α).
trigger hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that
reset the hypothalamic thermostat.
Cytokines
■ intensifies the effect of interferons
■ may help tissue repair
■ IL-1 - helps step up T cell production
Fever
produced by fibroblasts, lymphocytes and macrophages
Interferons (IFNs)
a family of cytokines
Interferons (IFNs)
inhibit viral replication
Interferons (IFNs)
What are the 3 types of interferons in humans?
– alpha interferon (IFN-ɑ)
– beta interferon (IFN-β)
– gamma interferon (IFN-γ)
