5 Flashcards
scientific study of disease
pathology
cause of diseaese
Etiology
manner in which disease develops
pathogenesis
disease-causing microorganism
pathogen
invasion or colonization of the body
by pathogenic microorganisms
infection
any change from a state of health
due to infection
disease
subjective changes not apparent
to an observer
symptoms
objective changes the physician can
observe and measure
signs
a specific group of symptoms or
signs that may always accompany a particular
disease
syndrome
microorganisms that establish more or less
permanent residence (colonize) but that do not
produce disease under normal conditions
normal microbiota
prevention of overgrowth of harmful microorganisms by normal microbiota
microbial antagonism
One organisms benefits, and other is unaffected
commensalism
both organism benefit
mutualism
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
parasitism
ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal
habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a
different environment
opportunistic pathogen
demonstrated that Bacillus anthracis was always
present in the blood of animals that had the
disease (anthrax) and not in healthy animals
Robert Koch
did the same for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Koch’s bacillus)
Robert koch
spreads from 1 host to
another (herpes, typhoid fever, TB, etc)
communicable disease
easility communicable (chickenpox, measles)
contagious disease
not spread from one host to another (e.g. tetanus)
Non communicable disease
occasional and irregular occurrence
(typhoid fever)
sporadic
constantly present in a population (common
cold)
endemic
persistent, high levels of occurrence
hyperendemic
increase, often sudden, in the number of
cases of a disease above what is normally expected
(flu)
Epidemic
an epidemic that has spread over several
countries or continents
pandemic
22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among
residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0-1 per year)
endemic
Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national
average of 134 cases per 100,000 population.
hyperendemic
Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national
average of 134 cases per 100,000 population.
Pandemic
Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a
community
epidemic
About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this
region per week, slightly less than the national average
sporadic
causative agent remains inactive for a
time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of
the disease (shingles)
Latent disease
develops rapidly but lasts only a short time (flu)
acute disease
intermediate between acute and chrnic
subacute disease
develops more slowly, may be less
severe, but likely to continue or recur for long periods
(infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B)
chronic disease
the invading microorganisms are
limited to a relatively small body area (furuncle,
abscess)
local infection
agents of local infection enter a
blood/lymphatic vessel and spread to other body
parts, where they are confined to specific areas
Focal infection
microorganisms or their
products are spread throughout the body by the
blood/lymph (measles)
systemic infection
systemic infection
from the multiplication of pathogens or spread of toxins in
the blood
Septicemia (“blood poisoning”)
toxic inflammatory reaction to septicemia that
can lead to tissue damage and death
sepsis
disease as a result of the pathogen’s
presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and
their intrinsic virulence
Primary infection
disease caused by
an opportunistic pathogen in a host with depressed
resistance (immunodeficiency) or if they have unusual
access to the inside of the body
Secondary/opportunistic infection
no noticeable illness (e.g. in carriers)
Subclinical infection
Enumerate the development of disease
incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence
simula ng infection and pagkakita ng symptoms
incubation period
depends on the specific microorganism involved, its
virulence, the number of infecting microorganisms, and
the resistance of the host
incubation period
relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some disease
prodromal period
early, mild symptoms of disease, e.g., general aches and
malaise
prodromal period
it is the most severe and has overt signs and symptoms, while white blood cells may increase or decrease
period of illness
signs and symptoms subside and is vulnerable to to secondary infections
period of decline
body returns to prediseased state (recovery)
Period of convalescence
continual source of pathogen; provides pathogen with
adequate conditions for survival and multiplication
Reservoir of infections
infections are communicable diseases and carriers
human reservoirs
Zoonoses – diseases that occur primarily in animals and can
be transmitted to humans (rabies, Lyme disease
Animal reservoirs
diseases that occur primarily in animals and can
be transmitted to humans (rabies, Lyme disease
zoonoses
infections are through soil, water, food
nonliving reservoirs
what are the transmission of disease
Contact
Vehicle
Vector
physical contact
direct contact
intermediate nonliving object
Indirect contact
droplet nuclei short distance
droplet transmission
contaminated water
waterborne transmission
contaminated food
food borne transmission
droplet nuclei long distance
airborne transmission
passive transport
mechanical transmission
reproduces in vector
biological transmission
Alpha virus (dengue fever virus)
dengue
plasmodium spp
Malaria
infections acquired while receiving treatment in Healthcare settings
healthcare-associate infections
hospital-acquired infection
nosocomial infections
is now the leading cause of HAIs
Clostridium difficile
bloodstream
coagulase-negative staphylococci
Enterococcus spp.
surgical wound
staphylococcus aureus
diarrhea after abdominal surgeric
Clostridium difficile
Urinary tract infections
Candida spp
Escherichia coli (most common)
Urinary tract and pneumonia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection type is from all sites
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter spp.
Acinobacter baumannii
Rank 1 type of infections
Pneumonia
Surgical-site infection
whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
compromised host
reduce the transmission of microbes in health care and traditional settings
Universal precautions
basic, minimum practices
designed to prevent transmission of pathogens from
one person to another and are applied to every
person every time
Standard precautions
designed to supplement standard precautions in individuals with known or suspect infections that are highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens
transmission-based precautions
is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection
handwashing
It is diseases that are new or changing, that shows an increase in incidence in the recent past, and show potential increase in the future
Ends or Emerging infections diseases
EIDs are mostly from what type of infections?
Zoonotic
What are diseases that modern transportation cause spread to new geographic areas
Zika virus
Chikungunya
Dengue
West Nile encephalitis
use of pathogens or toxins to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants as an act of violence and intimidatiob
bioterrorism
studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
epidemiology
father of modern epidemiology
John snow
what did John snow investigated in londons, that attributed deaths?
cholera
Recorded the number of births and maternal deaths at Vienna General Hospital
Ignaz semmelweiss
what is puerperal sepsis known as
Childbirth fever
nosocomial infection that begins in the uterus
Puerperal sepsis
how is puerperal sepsis cause
streptococcus pyogenes
ordered all medical students wash their hands with chloride of lime that decrease the mortality rate to 2%
Ignaz semmelweiss
3 types of epidemiology investigation
Descriptive
Analytical
Experimental
generally retrospective where the epidemiologist backtracts to the cause and source of disease
Descriptive epidemiology
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
analytical epidemeology
two types of method of analytical epidemeology
Case control method (retrospective)
Cohort method (Prospective)
group of people with disease is compared to group of people without, how many are exposed to agent
Case control method
group with exposure to agent is compared to a to a group without exposure to agent, how many develop the disease
cohor method
All variables are constant except for experimental variable
Experimental epidemiology
testing on humans
clinical trial
the number of cases of a specific disease
morbidity
the number of deaths from these disease
mortality
Number of people in a population who develop the disease during a particular time period
Incidene
number of people in a population who have the disease at a specified time, regardless when it first appeared
prevalence
