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Micropara > 5 > Flashcards

5 Flashcards

1
Q

scientific study of disease

A

pathology

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2
Q

cause of diseaese

A

Etiology

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3
Q

manner in which disease develops

A

pathogenesis

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4
Q

disease-causing microorganism

A

pathogen

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5
Q

invasion or colonization of the body
by pathogenic microorganisms

A

infection

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6
Q

any change from a state of health
due to infection

A

disease

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7
Q

subjective changes not apparent
to an observer

A

symptoms

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8
Q

objective changes the physician can
observe and measure

A

signs

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9
Q

a specific group of symptoms or
signs that may always accompany a particular
disease

A

syndrome

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10
Q

microorganisms that establish more or less
permanent residence (colonize) but that do not
produce disease under normal conditions

A

normal microbiota

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11
Q

prevention of overgrowth of harmful microorganisms by normal microbiota

A

microbial antagonism

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12
Q

One organisms benefits, and other is unaffected

A

commensalism

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13
Q

both organism benefit

A

mutualism

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14
Q

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

A

parasitism

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15
Q

ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal
habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a
different environment

A

opportunistic pathogen

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16
Q

demonstrated that Bacillus anthracis was always
present in the blood of animals that had the
disease (anthrax) and not in healthy animals

A

Robert Koch

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17
Q

did the same for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Koch’s bacillus)

A

Robert koch

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18
Q

spreads from 1 host to
another (herpes, typhoid fever, TB, etc)

A

communicable disease

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19
Q

easility communicable (chickenpox, measles)

A

contagious disease

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20
Q

not spread from one host to another (e.g. tetanus)

A

Non communicable disease

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21
Q

occasional and irregular occurrence
(typhoid fever)

A

sporadic

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22
Q

constantly present in a population (common
cold)

A

endemic

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23
Q

persistent, high levels of occurrence

A

hyperendemic

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24
Q

increase, often sudden, in the number of
cases of a disease above what is normally expected
(flu)

A

Epidemic

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25
Q

an epidemic that has spread over several
countries or continents

A

pandemic

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26
Q

22 cases of legionellosis occurred within 3 weeks among
residents of a particular neighborhood (usually 0-1 per year)

A

endemic

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27
Q

Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national
average of 134 cases per 100,000 population.

A

hyperendemic

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28
Q

Average annual incidence is 364 cases of pulmonary TB per
100,000 population in one area, compared with national
average of 134 cases per 100,000 population.

A

Pandemic

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29
Q

Single case of histoplasmosis was diagnosed in a
community

A

epidemic

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30
Q

About 60 cases of gonorrhea are usually reported in this
region per week, slightly less than the national average

A

sporadic

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31
Q

causative agent remains inactive for a
time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of
the disease (shingles)

A

Latent disease

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32
Q

develops rapidly but lasts only a short time (flu)

A

acute disease

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33
Q

intermediate between acute and chrnic

A

subacute disease

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34
Q

develops more slowly, may be less
severe, but likely to continue or recur for long periods
(infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B)

A

chronic disease

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35
Q

the invading microorganisms are
limited to a relatively small body area (furuncle,
abscess)

A

local infection

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36
Q

agents of local infection enter a
blood/lymphatic vessel and spread to other body
parts, where they are confined to specific areas

A

Focal infection

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37
Q

microorganisms or their
products are spread throughout the body by the
blood/lymph (measles)

A

systemic infection

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38
Q

systemic infection
from the multiplication of pathogens or spread of toxins in
the blood

A

Septicemia (“blood poisoning”)

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39
Q

toxic inflammatory reaction to septicemia that
can lead to tissue damage and death

A

sepsis

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40
Q

disease as a result of the pathogen’s
presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and
their intrinsic virulence

A

Primary infection

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41
Q

disease caused by
an opportunistic pathogen in a host with depressed
resistance (immunodeficiency) or if they have unusual
access to the inside of the body

A

Secondary/opportunistic infection

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42
Q

no noticeable illness (e.g. in carriers)

A

Subclinical infection

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43
Q

Enumerate the development of disease

A

incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence

44
Q

simula ng infection and pagkakita ng symptoms

A

incubation period

45
Q

depends on the specific microorganism involved, its
virulence, the number of infecting microorganisms, and
the resistance of the host

A

incubation period

46
Q

relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some disease

A

prodromal period

47
Q

early, mild symptoms of disease, e.g., general aches and
malaise

A

prodromal period

48
Q

it is the most severe and has overt signs and symptoms, while white blood cells may increase or decrease

A

period of illness

49
Q

signs and symptoms subside and is vulnerable to to secondary infections

A

period of decline

50
Q

body returns to prediseased state (recovery)

A

Period of convalescence

51
Q

continual source of pathogen; provides pathogen with
adequate conditions for survival and multiplication

A

Reservoir of infections

52
Q

infections are communicable diseases and carriers

A

human reservoirs

53
Q

Zoonoses – diseases that occur primarily in animals and can
be transmitted to humans (rabies, Lyme disease

A

Animal reservoirs

54
Q

diseases that occur primarily in animals and can
be transmitted to humans (rabies, Lyme disease

A

zoonoses

55
Q

infections are through soil, water, food

A

nonliving reservoirs

56
Q

what are the transmission of disease

A

Contact
Vehicle
Vector

57
Q

physical contact

A

direct contact

58
Q

intermediate nonliving object

A

Indirect contact

59
Q

droplet nuclei short distance

A

droplet transmission

60
Q

contaminated water

A

waterborne transmission

61
Q

contaminated food

A

food borne transmission

62
Q

droplet nuclei long distance

A

airborne transmission

63
Q

passive transport

A

mechanical transmission

64
Q

reproduces in vector

A

biological transmission

65
Q

Alpha virus (dengue fever virus)

A

dengue

66
Q

plasmodium spp

A

Malaria

67
Q

infections acquired while receiving treatment in Healthcare settings

A

healthcare-associate infections

68
Q

hospital-acquired infection

A

nosocomial infections

69
Q

is now the leading cause of HAIs

A

Clostridium difficile

70
Q

bloodstream

A

coagulase-negative staphylococci
Enterococcus spp.

71
Q

surgical wound

A

staphylococcus aureus

72
Q

diarrhea after abdominal surgeric

A

Clostridium difficile

73
Q

Urinary tract infections

A

Candida spp
Escherichia coli (most common)

74
Q

Urinary tract and pneumonia

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

75
Q

infection type is from all sites

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Enterobacter spp.
Acinobacter baumannii

76
Q

Rank 1 type of infections

A

Pneumonia
Surgical-site infection

77
Q

whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

A

compromised host

78
Q

reduce the transmission of microbes in health care and traditional settings

A

Universal precautions

79
Q

basic, minimum practices
designed to prevent transmission of pathogens from
one person to another and are applied to every
person every time

A

Standard precautions

80
Q

designed to supplement standard precautions in individuals with known or suspect infections that are highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens

A

transmission-based precautions

81
Q

is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection

A

handwashing

82
Q

It is diseases that are new or changing, that shows an increase in incidence in the recent past, and show potential increase in the future

A

Ends or Emerging infections diseases

83
Q

EIDs are mostly from what type of infections?

A

Zoonotic

84
Q

What are diseases that modern transportation cause spread to new geographic areas

A

Zika virus
Chikungunya
Dengue
West Nile encephalitis

85
Q

use of pathogens or toxins to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants as an act of violence and intimidatiob

A

bioterrorism

86
Q

studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

A

epidemiology

87
Q

father of modern epidemiology

A

John snow

88
Q

what did John snow investigated in londons, that attributed deaths?

A

cholera

89
Q

Recorded the number of births and maternal deaths at Vienna General Hospital

A

Ignaz semmelweiss

90
Q

what is puerperal sepsis known as

A

Childbirth fever

91
Q

nosocomial infection that begins in the uterus

A

Puerperal sepsis

92
Q

how is puerperal sepsis cause

A

streptococcus pyogenes

93
Q

ordered all medical students wash their hands with chloride of lime that decrease the mortality rate to 2%

A

Ignaz semmelweiss

94
Q

3 types of epidemiology investigation

A

Descriptive
Analytical
Experimental

95
Q

generally retrospective where the epidemiologist backtracts to the cause and source of disease

A

Descriptive epidemiology

96
Q

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause

A

analytical epidemeology

97
Q

two types of method of analytical epidemeology

A

Case control method (retrospective)
Cohort method (Prospective)

98
Q

group of people with disease is compared to group of people without, how many are exposed to agent

A

Case control method

99
Q

group with exposure to agent is compared to a to a group without exposure to agent, how many develop the disease

A

cohor method

100
Q

All variables are constant except for experimental variable

A

Experimental epidemiology

101
Q

testing on humans

A

clinical trial

102
Q

the number of cases of a specific disease

A

morbidity

103
Q

the number of deaths from these disease

A

mortality

104
Q

Number of people in a population who develop the disease during a particular time period

A

Incidene

105
Q

number of people in a population who have the disease at a specified time, regardless when it first appeared

A

prevalence

Micropara (10 decks)

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