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Micropara > 1 - Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

1 - Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific study of microorganisms

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

minute living things that individually are usually
too small to be seen with the unaided eye

A

Microogranisms

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3
Q

Enumerate some microorganisms

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses

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4
Q

aka microbiota

A

Microbiome

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5
Q

it is microbes that live stably in and on the human body

A

Microbiome

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6
Q

indefinitely colonize the body

A

normal microbiota

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7
Q

transiently colonize the body

A

transient microbiota

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8
Q

Enumerate some parts of a prokaryotic cell

A

Glycocaly
Cell Appendages
Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Inclusion
Nucleoid
Endospores

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9
Q

Enumerate parts of Cell Appendages

A

Flagella
Axial Filaments
Fimbriae
Pili

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10
Q

aka Sugar Coat

A

Glycocalyx

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11
Q

a viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is external to the cellwall

A

Glycocalyx

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12
Q

Composed of polysachharide, polypeptide, or bot

A

Glycocalyx

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13
Q

made inside the ell and secreted to the cell surface

A

Glycocalyx

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of Glycocalyx

A

Capsule
Slime Layer

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15
Q

Contributes to bacterial virulence

A

Capsule

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16
Q

Protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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17
Q

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

A

Flagella

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18
Q

Movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stiumlus

A

Taxis

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19
Q

What are some types of taxis

A

Chemotaxis
Phototaxis

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20
Q

aka endoflagella

A

Axial Filaments

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21
Q

bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell

A

Axial filaments

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22
Q

structure for motility in spirochetes

A

Axial Filaments

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23
Q

arise and anchored at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath

A

Axial Filament

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24
Q

similar structure to flagella

A

Axial Filaments

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25
Q

Hairlike Appendages that are shorter, straigter, and thinner than flagella

A

Fimbriae and Pili

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26
Q

consist of a protein called pilin arranged helically around a central core

A

Fimbriae and Pili

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27
Q

Present in many g(-) bacteria

A

Fimbriae and Pili

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28
Q

a few to serveralo hundred per cell

A

Fimbriae

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29
Q

adhere to surfaces

A

Fimbriae

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30
Q

longer and fewer than fimbriae (1-2/cell)

A

Pili

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31
Q

for motility and DNA transfer (e.g. sex pili in conjugation)

A

Pili

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32
Q

Complex, semi rigid structure

A

Cell Wall

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33
Q

Enumerate the functions of Cell Wall

A
  • prevents bacterial cell rupture
    • maintain shape of bacterium
    • point of anchorage for flagella
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34
Q

present in all bacteria, except Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

A

cell wall

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35
Q

contributes to the ability to cause disease, the site of action of some antibiotics, differentiates major types of bacteria based on composition

A

Cell Wall

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36
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

aka murein

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37
Q

composed of peptidoglycan (aka
murein) alone or in combination with
other substances

A

Cell Wall

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38
Q

Repeating Dissacharides

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) + N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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39
Q

NAG

A

N-acetylglucosamine

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40
Q

NAM

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

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41
Q

many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure

A

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

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42
Q

one or very few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

A

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

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43
Q

Major permeability barrier for Gram-negative bacteria

A

Gram-Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane

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44
Q

Lipids and carbohydrates

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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45
Q

released when g(-) bacteria die; causes fever,
shock, blood clotting, dilation of blood vessels)

A

Lipid A (Endotoxin)

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46
Q

structural function

A

Core polysachharide

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47
Q

Function as antigen

A

O Polysaccharide

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48
Q

It is also present in Listeria monocygenes (a Gram-Positive bacteria) but does not function as endotoxin

A

O-polysaccharide

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49
Q

between inner membrane and outer membrane

A

Periplasmic Space

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50
Q

present in Mycobacterium and Nocardia

A

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

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51
Q

contains high concentrations (60%) of a hydrophobic waxy lipid(mycolic acid)

A

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

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52
Q

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

A

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

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53
Q

inside the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm

A

Plasma Membrane

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54
Q

consists mainly of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids

A

Plasma Membrane

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55
Q

lacks sterols, except Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

A

Plasma Membrane

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56
Q

What is the structure of plasma membrane?

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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57
Q

What are the functions of plasma membrane

A

Selective Barrier

58
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Lipid Bilayer
Membrane Proteins

59
Q

the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

60
Q

≈80% H2O and contains primarily proteins (enzymes),
carbohydrates, lipids, ions, and many LMW compounds

A

Cytoplasm

61
Q

contains the cytoskeleton, nucleoid, ribosomes, and cytoplasmic inclusions

A

Cytoplasm

62
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

63
Q

gives the cell a granular appearance

A

Ribosomes

64
Q

consists of protein and rRNA

A

Ribosomes

65
Q

What are the 2 subunit of Ribosomes (70s)

A

Large (50s)
Small (30s)

66
Q

inorganic phosphate (polyphosphate) that can be
used in the synthesis of ATP

A

Metchromic granules

67
Q

Glycogen and starch

A

Polysachharide granules

68
Q

lipid

A

Lipid inclusions

69
Q

Sulfur and -containing compounds

A

Sulfur granules

70
Q

ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase

A

Carboxysomes

71
Q

Hollow cavities

A

Gas vacuoles

72
Q

Ferric Oxide

A

Magnetosomes

73
Q

no nuclear envelope

A

Nucleoid

74
Q

contains a single long, continuous, and circularly double-stranded
DNA called the bacterial chromosome

A

Nucleoid

75
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

no histones
attached to the plasma membrane

76
Q

also known as extrachromosomal DNA

A

Plasmid

77
Q

small usually circular, double-stranded DNA

A

Plasmid

78
Q

Replicate independently from chromosome

A

Plasmid

79
Q

not crucial for survival but adds some advantages

A

Plasmid

80
Q

specialized “resting” cells

A

Endospores

81
Q

highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers

A

Endospores

82
Q

can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation

A

Endospores

83
Q

resistant to processes that kill vegetative cells (e.g. desiccation, chemicals, radiation, heating)

A

Endospores

84
Q

formed internal to the cell membrane

A

Endospores

85
Q

contains high amounts of dipicolinic acid (DPA), and calcium ions

A

Endospores

86
Q

present in Clostridium and Bacillus

A

Endospores

87
Q

spore formation

A

Sporulation/Sporogenesis

88
Q

return of endospore to vegetative state

A

Germination

89
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

90
Q

What are the Five Kingdoms

A

Fungi
Plants
Animals
Protista
Monera

91
Q

Enumerate classification of Microorganisms

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Viruses
Prions

92
Q

unicellular prokaryotes; have peptidoglycan cell
walls; reproduce by binary fission

A

Bacteria

93
Q

live in extreme environments and carry
out unusual metabolic processes; no peptidoglycan in cell walls

A

Archaebacteria

94
Q

obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 from CO2 and
H2

A

Methanogens

95
Q

require high concentrations of salt for survival

A

Extreme halophiles

96
Q

require high concentrations of salt for survival

A

Extreme halophiles

97
Q

grow in extremely hot environments

A

Hyperthermophiles

98
Q

Enumerate classification of Eukaryotes

A

Fungi
Protists
Animal Parasites

99
Q

may be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds
and mushrooms; form hyphae); have chitin cell walls;
reproduce sexually (meiosis) or asexually (spores)

A

Fungi

100
Q

eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals

A

Protists

101
Q

unicellular nonphotosynthetic protists; reproduce sexually or asexually

A

Protozoa

102
Q

unicellular photosynthetic protists; have cellulose cell walls; reproduce sexually and asexually

A

Algae

103
Q

Enumerate classification of Protists

A

Protozoa
Algae

104
Q

multicellular eukaryotes

A

Animal Parasites

105
Q

Enumerate some Animal Parasites

A

Flatworms
Roundworms

106
Q

acellular obligatory intracellular parasites

A

Viruses

107
Q

what are some structures of Viruses

A

Single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
Protein Coat (sometimes enclosed by an envelope) that surrounds the nucleic acid

108
Q

multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell

A

Viruses

109
Q

infectious proteinaceous particle

A

Prions

110
Q

Small

A

Micro

111
Q

Living things

A

organism

112
Q

can be called flora as well, normal flora

A

microbiota

113
Q

permanent causing disease

A

normal microbiota

114
Q

non-permanent causing disease

A

Transient microbiota

115
Q

before nucleus

A

Prokaryotic

116
Q

True nucleus

A

eurkaryotic

117
Q

What is cell Appendages composed of?

A

Pili, Fimbriae and Flagella

118
Q

What is the “S” in the 70s ribosomes

A

Swedberg unit

119
Q

What is the 70S in the 70S Ribosomes

A

Sedimentation rate

120
Q

extra chromosomal DNA

A

Plasmid

121
Q

Glyco

A

Sugar

122
Q

is it true that the more virulent is the more disease it causes?

A

True

123
Q

It is part of immuneresponse

A

phagocytosis

124
Q

what is the main function of flagella?

A

Locomotion

125
Q

Flagella surrounds the cell on all surfaces

A

Peritrichous

126
Q

has one flagellum

A

Monotrichous and polar

127
Q

Has multiple flagella but only in one end

A

Lophotrichous and polar

128
Q

Multiple flagella on both ends

A

Amphitrichous

129
Q

stimulus is chemical substance

A

Chemotaxis

130
Q

stimulus is light

A

Phototaxis

131
Q

group of bacteria that helical inshape

A

Spirochetes

132
Q

enumerate spirochete bacteruas:

A

Treponema
Leptospira
Borella

133
Q

It allows bacteria to move in a corkscrew motion

A

Axial Filaments

134
Q

Cell wall le bacteria

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

135
Q

Synthesis inhibitors or inhibit cell wall synthesis is

A

Beta lactams

136
Q

some examples of synthesis inhibitors are

A

penicillins, phylosporines carbapinenes and monobactams

137
Q

Does teichoic acid exist in Gram-negative cell wall?

A

No it doesn’t exist

138
Q

Two types of teichoic acid

A

Wall teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid

139
Q

is there an outer membrane in a positive-gram bacteria

A

no, there is none

140
Q

Which has thicker periplasmic space, Gram-negative cell wall or Gram-Positive cell wall

A

Gram-Negative Cell Wall has thicker, filled w/ gel like substance.

Micropara (10 decks)

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