1 - Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
the scientific study of microorganisms
A
Microbiology
2
Q
minute living things that individually are usually
too small to be seen with the unaided eye
A
Microogranisms
3
Q
Enumerate some microorganisms
A
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
4
Q
aka microbiota
A
Microbiome
5
Q
it is microbes that live stably in and on the human body
A
Microbiome
6
Q
indefinitely colonize the body
A
normal microbiota
7
Q
transiently colonize the body
A
transient microbiota
8
Q
Enumerate some parts of a prokaryotic cell
A
Glycocaly
Cell Appendages
Cell Wall
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Inclusion
Nucleoid
Endospores
9
Q
Enumerate parts of Cell Appendages
A
Flagella
Axial Filaments
Fimbriae
Pili
10
Q
aka Sugar Coat
A
Glycocalyx
11
Q
a viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is external to the cellwall
A
Glycocalyx
12
Q
Composed of polysachharide, polypeptide, or bot
A
Glycocalyx
13
Q
made inside the ell and secreted to the cell surface
A
Glycocalyx
14
Q
What are the 2 types of Glycocalyx
A
Capsule
Slime Layer
15
Q
Contributes to bacterial virulence
A
Capsule
16
Q
Protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis
A
Capsule
17
Q
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
A
Flagella
18
Q
Movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stiumlus
A
Taxis
19
Q
What are some types of taxis
A
Chemotaxis
Phototaxis
20
Q
aka endoflagella
A
Axial Filaments
21
Q
bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell
A
Axial filaments
22
Q
structure for motility in spirochetes
A
Axial Filaments
23
Q
arise and anchored at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath
A
Axial Filament
24
Q
similar structure to flagella
A
Axial Filaments
25
Hairlike Appendages that are shorter, straigter, and thinner than flagella
Fimbriae and Pili
26
consist of a protein called pilin arranged helically around a central core
Fimbriae and Pili
27
Present in many g(-) bacteria
Fimbriae and Pili
28
a few to serveralo hundred per cell
Fimbriae
29
adhere to surfaces
Fimbriae
30
longer and fewer than fimbriae (1-2/cell)
Pili
31
for motility and DNA transfer (e.g. sex pili in conjugation)
Pili
32
Complex, semi rigid structure
Cell Wall
33
Enumerate the functions of Cell Wall
- prevents bacterial cell rupture
• maintain shape of bacterium
• point of anchorage for flagella
34
present in all bacteria, except Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
cell wall
35
contributes to the ability to cause disease, the site of action of some antibiotics, differentiates major types of bacteria based on composition
Cell Wall
36
what is peptidoglycan
aka murein
37
composed of peptidoglycan (aka
murein) alone or in combination with
other substances
Cell Wall
38
Repeating Dissacharides
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) + N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
39
NAG
N-acetylglucosamine
40
NAM
N-acetylmuramic acid
41
many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure
Gram-Positive Cell Wall
42
one or very few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
Gram-Negative Cell Wall
43
Major permeability barrier for Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane
44
Lipids and carbohydrates
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
45
released when g(-) bacteria die; causes fever,
shock, blood clotting, dilation of blood vessels)
Lipid A (Endotoxin)
46
structural function
Core polysachharide
47
Function as antigen
O Polysaccharide
48
It is also present in Listeria monocygenes (a Gram-Positive bacteria) but does not function as endotoxin
O-polysaccharide
49
between inner membrane and outer membrane
Periplasmic Space
50
present in Mycobacterium and Nocardia
Acid-Fast Cell Wall
51
contains high concentrations (60%) of a hydrophobic waxy lipid(mycolic acid)
Acid-Fast Cell Wall
52
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
Acid-Fast Cell Wall
53
inside the cell wall and encloses the cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
54
consists mainly of phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids
Plasma Membrane
55
lacks sterols, except Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
Plasma Membrane
56
What is the structure of plasma membrane?
Fluid Mosaic Model
57
What are the functions of plasma membrane
Selective Barrier
58
Fluid Mosaic Model
Lipid Bilayer
Membrane Proteins
59
the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
60
≈80% H2O and contains primarily proteins (enzymes),
carbohydrates, lipids, ions, and many LMW compounds
Cytoplasm
61
contains the cytoskeleton, nucleoid, ribosomes, and cytoplasmic inclusions
Cytoplasm
62
site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
63
gives the cell a granular appearance
Ribosomes
64
consists of protein and rRNA
Ribosomes
65
What are the 2 subunit of Ribosomes (70s)
Large (50s)
Small (30s)
66
inorganic phosphate (polyphosphate) that can be
used in the synthesis of ATP
Metchromic granules
67
Glycogen and starch
Polysachharide granules
68
lipid
Lipid inclusions
69
Sulfur and -containing compounds
Sulfur granules
70
ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase
Carboxysomes
71
Hollow cavities
Gas vacuoles
72
Ferric Oxide
Magnetosomes
73
no nuclear envelope
Nucleoid
74
contains a single long, continuous, and circularly double-stranded
DNA called the bacterial chromosome
Nucleoid
75
bacterial chromosome
no histones
attached to the plasma membrane
76
also known as extrachromosomal DNA
Plasmid
77
small usually circular, double-stranded DNA
Plasmid
78
Replicate independently from chromosome
Plasmid
79
not crucial for survival but adds some advantages
Plasmid
80
specialized “resting” cells
Endospores
81
highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers
Endospores
82
can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation
Endospores
83
resistant to processes that kill vegetative cells (e.g. desiccation, chemicals, radiation, heating)
Endospores
84
formed internal to the cell membrane
Endospores
85
contains high amounts of dipicolinic acid (DPA), and calcium ions
Endospores
86
present in Clostridium and Bacillus
Endospores
87
spore formation
Sporulation/Sporogenesis
88
return of endospore to vegetative state
Germination
89
WHAT ARE THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
90
What are the Five Kingdoms
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Protista
Monera
91
Enumerate classification of Microorganisms
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Viruses
Prions
92
unicellular prokaryotes; have peptidoglycan cell
walls; reproduce by binary fission
Bacteria
93
live in extreme environments and carry
out unusual metabolic processes; no peptidoglycan in cell walls
Archaebacteria
94
obligate anaerobes that produce CH4 from CO2 and
H2
Methanogens
95
require high concentrations of salt for survival
Extreme halophiles
96
require high concentrations of salt for survival
Extreme halophiles
97
grow in extremely hot environments
Hyperthermophiles
98
Enumerate classification of Eukaryotes
Fungi
Protists
Animal Parasites
99
may be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds
and mushrooms; form hyphae); have chitin cell walls;
reproduce sexually (meiosis) or asexually (spores)
Fungi
100
eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals
Protists
101
unicellular nonphotosynthetic protists; reproduce sexually or asexually
Protozoa
102
unicellular photosynthetic protists; have cellulose cell walls; reproduce sexually and asexually
Algae
103
Enumerate classification of Protists
Protozoa
Algae
104
multicellular eukaryotes
Animal Parasites
105
Enumerate some Animal Parasites
Flatworms
Roundworms
106
acellular obligatory intracellular parasites
Viruses
107
what are some structures of Viruses
Single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA
Protein Coat (sometimes enclosed by an envelope) that surrounds the nucleic acid
108
multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell
Viruses
109
infectious proteinaceous particle
Prions
110
Small
Micro
111
Living things
organism
112
can be called flora as well, normal flora
microbiota
113
permanent causing disease
normal microbiota
114
non-permanent causing disease
Transient microbiota
115
before nucleus
Prokaryotic
116
True nucleus
eurkaryotic
117
What is cell Appendages composed of?
Pili, Fimbriae and Flagella
118
What is the "S" in the 70s ribosomes
Swedberg unit
119
What is the 70S in the 70S Ribosomes
Sedimentation rate
120
extra chromosomal DNA
Plasmid
121
Glyco
Sugar
122
is it true that the more virulent is the more disease it causes?
True
123
It is part of immuneresponse
phagocytosis
124
what is the main function of flagella?
Locomotion
125
Flagella surrounds the cell on all surfaces
Peritrichous
126
has one flagellum
Monotrichous and polar
127
Has multiple flagella but only in one end
Lophotrichous and polar
128
Multiple flagella on both ends
Amphitrichous
129
stimulus is chemical substance
Chemotaxis
130
stimulus is light
Phototaxis
131
group of bacteria that helical inshape
Spirochetes
132
enumerate spirochete bacteruas:
Treponema
Leptospira
Borella
133
It allows bacteria to move in a corkscrew motion
Axial Filaments
134
Cell wall le bacteria
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
135
Synthesis inhibitors or inhibit cell wall synthesis is
Beta lactams
136
some examples of synthesis inhibitors are
penicillins, phylosporines carbapinenes and monobactams
137
Does teichoic acid exist in Gram-negative cell wall?
No it doesn't exist
138
Two types of teichoic acid
Wall teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
139
is there an outer membrane in a positive-gram bacteria
no, there is none
140
Which has thicker periplasmic space, Gram-negative cell wall or Gram-Positive cell wall
Gram-Negative Cell Wall has thicker, filled w/ gel like substance.
