3 MICTOBIAL GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Question 1

Building blocks of DNA and RNA

Answer 1

Nucleotides

Question 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

The inherited genetic material inside each cell

Answer 3

DNA

Question 4

RNA

Answer 4

Ribonucleoc acid

Question 5

relays instructions from the genes to guide each
cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

Answer 5

RNA

Question 6

a segment of a DNA (or RNA) molecule that determines the traits and control protein synthesis; discrete unit of heredity

Answer 6

Gene

Question 7

total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

Answer 7

Genome

Question 8

The science of heredithy

Answer 8

Genome

Question 9

The sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes

Answer 9

Genomics

Question 10

Bacteria have a single circular chromosome consisting of single circular molecule of DNA with associated proteins

Answer 10

DNA and Chromosome

Question 11

STRs

Answer 11

Short tandem repeats

Question 12

Cotains genes and noncoding regions called short tandem repeat (STRs)

Answer 12

DNA and Chromosmes

Question 13

Genetic makeup

Answer 13

Genotype

Question 14

manifestation of a genotype

Answer 14

Phenotype

Question 15

is the blueprint for a cell’s protein, including enzymes

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

is obtained either from another cell in the same generation of from a parent cell or during cell division

Answer 16

DNA

Question 17

Genetic information is used within a cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function

Answer 17

Expression

Question 18

Genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation

Answer 18

Recombination

Question 19

Genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells

Answer 19

Replication

Question 20

one “parental” double-stranded DNA molecule is converted to
two identical offspring molecules

Answer 20

DNA REPLICATION

Question 21

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

Answer 21

DNA Gyrase

Question 22

Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; okazaki framgents, and new segments in excision repair

Answer 22

DNA Ligase

Question 23

Synthesize DNA; proofread and facilitate repair of DNA

Answer 23

DNA Polymerase

Question 24

Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions

Answer 24

Endonucleases

Question 25

Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA; facilitate repair

Answer 25

Exonucleases

Question 26

Unwinds double-stranded DNA

Answer 26

Helicase

Question 27

Adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA

Answer 27

Methylase

Question 28

Uses visible light energy to separate UV-induced pyrimidine dimers

Answer 28

Photolyase

Question 29

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

Answer 29

Primase

Question 30

RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together

Answer 30

Ribozyme

Question 31

Copies RNA from a DNA template

Answer 31

RNA Polymerase

Question 32

RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together

Answer 32

snRNP

Question 33

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

Answer 33

Topoisomerase or Gyrase

Question 34

Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single-stranded "sticky ends"

Answer 34

Transposase

Question 35

The Central Dogma

Answer 35

Gene expression

Question 36

synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

Answer 36

Transcription

Question 37

Protein synthesis

Answer 37

Translation

Question 38

decoding the “language” of nucleic acids and converting it into the “language” of proteins

Answer 38

Translation

Question 39

a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a particular protein

Answer 39

Codon

Question 40

Code for amino acids

Answer 40

Sense codons

Question 41

Do not code for amino acids

Answer 41

Nonsense codons

Question 42

the set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein

Answer 42

Genetic Code

Question 43

Enumerate the genetic codes

Answer 43

Degenerate Unambiguous Nonoverlapping Not punctuated Universal

Question 44

Multiple codons encode for the same amino acid

Answer 44

Degenerate

Question 45

A single amino acid is indicated for each codon

Answer 45

Unambiguous

Question 46

reading of the genetic code during translation does not involve overlap of codons

Answer 46

Nonoverlapping

Question 47

There is no punctuation between codons and reading is continuous until a stop codon

Answer 47

Not punctuated

Question 48

used by all organisms (w/ some exceptions)

Answer 48

Universal

Question 49

What are the process of translation

Answer 49

Amino acid activation Chain initiation Chain elongation Chain Termination

Question 50

What are the changes in Genetic Material

Answer 50

Mutation Recombination

Question 51

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 51

Recombination

Question 52

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

Answer 52

Mutation

Question 53

What are two types of mutation?

Answer 53

Point substitution Frameshift Substitution

Question 54

Enumerate mutations of point substition

Answer 54

Silent mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation

Question 55

What are the mutation of frameshift substitution

Answer 55

Insertion Deletion

Question 56

a single nucleotide/base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different nucleotide/base

Answer 56

Point Mutation/Base Substitution

Question 57

Most common type of mutation

Answer 57

Point Mutation/Base Substitution

Question 58

one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA

Answer 58

Frameshift mutation

Question 59

Can shift the "translation reading frame"

Answer 59

Frameshift Mutation

Question 60

occurs when one or more nucleotides is/are lost from a DNA molecule

Answer 60

Deletion mutation

Question 61

occurs when or more nucleotides is/are addded to a DNA molecule

Answer 61

Insertion mutation

Question 62

the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

Answer 62

Genetic Recombination

Question 63

What are the 2 cells involved in genetic recombination

Answer 63

Donor Cell Recipient Cell

Question 64

self-replicating, gene-containing, circular pieces of DNA about 1–5% the size of the bacterial chromosome

Answer 64

Plasmid

Question 65

not necessary for survival but offer some advantages

Answer 65

Plasmid

Question 66

Carries gene for sex pili

Answer 66

F factor

Question 67

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 67

Resistance Factor (R Factor)

Question 68

Also known as jumping genes

Answer 68

Transposons

Question 69

small segments of DNA that can be “transposed” from one region of a DNA molecule to another

Answer 69

Transposons

Question 70

may move from one site to another site on the same chromosome or to another chromosome or plasmid

Answer 70

Transposons

Question 71

What are the steps in genetic transfer in bacteria

Answer 71

1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction

Question 72

genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in solution

Answer 72

Transformation

Question 73

* through sex pili * requires cell to cell contact * donor cells must carry the plasmid, and recipient cells usually do not

Answer 73

Conjugation

Question 74

bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria, called a bacteriophage/phage

Answer 74

Transduction

Question 75

a virus that infects bacteria

Answer 75

Bacteriophage/phage