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Micropara > 3 MICTOBIAL GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY > Flashcards

3 MICTOBIAL GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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3
Q

The inherited genetic material inside each cell

A

DNA

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4
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleoc acid

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5
Q

relays instructions from the genes to guide each
cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids

A

RNA

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6
Q

a segment of a DNA (or RNA) molecule that determines the traits and control protein synthesis; discrete unit of heredity

A

Gene

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7
Q

total genetic information carried in a cell or an organism

A

Genome

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8
Q

The science of heredithy

A

Genome

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9
Q

The sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes

A

Genomics

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10
Q

Bacteria have a single circular chromosome consisting of single circular molecule of DNA with associated proteins

A

DNA and Chromosome

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11
Q

STRs

A

Short tandem repeats

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12
Q

Cotains genes and noncoding regions called short tandem repeat (STRs)

A

DNA and Chromosmes

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13
Q

Genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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14
Q

manifestation of a genotype

A

Phenotype

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15
Q

is the blueprint for a cell’s protein, including enzymes

A

DNA

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16
Q

is obtained either from another cell in the same generation of from a parent cell or during cell division

A

DNA

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17
Q

Genetic information is used within a cell to produce the proteins needed for the cell to function

A

Expression

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18
Q

Genetic information can be transferred horizontally between cells of the same generation

A

Recombination

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19
Q

Genetic information can be transferred vertically to the next generation of cells

A

Replication

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20
Q

one “parental” double-stranded DNA molecule is converted to
two identical offspring molecules

A

DNA REPLICATION

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21
Q

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

A

DNA Gyrase

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22
Q

Makes covalent bonds to join DNA strands; okazaki framgents, and new segments in excision repair

A

DNA Ligase

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23
Q

Synthesize DNA; proofread and facilitate repair of DNA

A

DNA Polymerase

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24
Q

Cut DNA backbone in a strand of DNA; facilitate repair and insertions

A

Endonucleases

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25
Q

Cut DNA from an exposed end of DNA; facilitate repair

A

Exonucleases

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26
Q

Unwinds double-stranded DNA

A

Helicase

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27
Q

Adds methyl group to selected bases in newly made DNA

A

Methylase

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28
Q

Uses visible light energy to separate UV-induced pyrimidine dimers

A

Photolyase

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29
Q

An RNA polymerase that makes RNA primers from a DNA template

A

Primase

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30
Q

RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together

A

Ribozyme

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31
Q

Copies RNA from a DNA template

A

RNA Polymerase

32
Q

RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together

A

snRNP

33
Q

Relaxes supercoiling ahead of the replication fork; separates DNA circles at the end of DNA replication

A

Topoisomerase or Gyrase

34
Q

Cuts DNA backbone, leaving single-stranded “sticky ends”

A

Transposase

35
Q

The Central Dogma

A

Gene expression

36
Q

synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA
template

A

Transcription

37
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Translation

38
Q

decoding the “language” of nucleic acids and converting it into the
“language” of proteins

A

Translation

39
Q

a sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that codes for a particular
protein

A

Codon

40
Q

Code for amino acids

A

Sense codons

41
Q

Do not code for amino acids

A

Nonsense codons

42
Q

the set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence
is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

Genetic Code

43
Q

Enumerate the genetic codes

A

Degenerate
Unambiguous
Nonoverlapping
Not punctuated
Universal

44
Q

Multiple codons encode for the same amino acid

A

Degenerate

45
Q

A single amino acid is indicated for each codon

A

Unambiguous

46
Q

reading of the genetic code during translation does not involve overlap of codons

A

Nonoverlapping

47
Q

There is no punctuation between codons and reading is continuous until a stop codon

A

Not punctuated

48
Q

used by all organisms (w/ some exceptions)

A

Universal

49
Q

What are the process of translation

A

Amino acid activation
Chain initiation
Chain elongation
Chain Termination

50
Q

What are the changes in Genetic Material

A

Mutation
Recombination

51
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Recombination

52
Q

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

A

Mutation

53
Q

What are two types of mutation?

A

Point substitution
Frameshift Substitution

54
Q

Enumerate mutations of point substition

A

Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation

55
Q

What are the mutation of frameshift substitution

A

Insertion
Deletion

56
Q

a single nucleotide/base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with
a different nucleotide/base

A

Point Mutation/Base Substitution

57
Q

Most common type of mutation

A

Point Mutation/Base Substitution

58
Q

one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA

A

Frameshift mutation

59
Q

Can shift the “translation reading frame”

A

Frameshift Mutation

60
Q

occurs when one or more nucleotides is/are lost from a DNA molecule

A

Deletion mutation

61
Q

occurs when or more nucleotides is/are addded to a DNA molecule

A

Insertion mutation

62
Q

the exchange of genes between two DNA molecules to form
new combinations of genes on a chromosome

A

Genetic Recombination

63
Q

What are the 2 cells involved in genetic recombination

A

Donor Cell
Recipient Cell

64
Q

self-replicating, gene-containing, circular pieces of DNA about 1–5% the
size of the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmid

65
Q

not necessary for survival but offer some advantages

A

Plasmid

66
Q

Carries gene for sex pili

A

F factor

67
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

Resistance Factor (R Factor)

68
Q

Also known as jumping genes

A

Transposons

69
Q

small segments of DNA that can be “transposed” from one region of a DNA
molecule to another

A

Transposons

70
Q

may move from one site to another site on the same chromosome or to
another chromosome or plasmid

A

Transposons

71
Q

What are the steps in genetic transfer in bacteria

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
72
Q

genes are transferred from one bacterium to
another as “naked” DNA in solution

A

Transformation

73
Q
  • through sex pili
  • requires cell to cell contact
  • donor cells must carry the plasmid, and
    recipient cells usually do not
A

Conjugation

74
Q

bacterial DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a
virus that infects bacteria, called a bacteriophage/phage

A

Transduction

75
Q

a virus that infects bacteria

A

Bacteriophage/phage

76
Q
A

Micropara (10 decks)

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