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Micro > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

T/F innate immunity is NOT essential for effective host defense at the early stage of infection

A

False. it is very essential

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2
Q

T/F adaptive immunity is essential for microbe clearance

A

True

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3
Q

what are the three general steps of the innate immune response

A
  • recognition of the pathogen by host cells
  • recruitment of host cells at the site of infection
  • activation of destructive effector mechanisms
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4
Q

are intracellular or extracellular microorganisms accessible to soluble molecules and phagocytes

A

extracellular

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5
Q

how are intracellular microorganisms dealt with

A

they require killing or activation of infected cells

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6
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in interstitial spaces, blood, and lymph

A

complement, macrophages, and neutrophils

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7
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in epithelial surfaces

A

antimicrobial peptides

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8
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in the cytoplasm

A

NK cells

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9
Q

what are the defense mechanisms for dealing with infection in vesicles

A

activated macrophages

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10
Q

PRR

A

pattern recognition receptors

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11
Q

PRR encoded in germline possess limited or broad diversity?

A

limited

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12
Q

T/F innate immunity recognizes structures shared by one class of microbes but not present on normal host cell

A

False. structures shared by various classes of microbes

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13
Q

is PRR distribution clonal or nonclonal

A

nonclonal

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14
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

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15
Q

what do PRRs recognize

A

PAMPs

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16
Q

define PAMPs

A

molecules expressed and/or produced solely by microbes and recognized by PRR expressed by immune cells

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17
Q

PRR expression and ligands are ______

A

redundant

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18
Q

where are PRRs located in the cell

A

plasma and endosomal membrane and in the cytosol

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19
Q

TLR

A

toll-like receptors

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20
Q

define TLRs

A

expressed on cells that are components of the innate immune system. PAMPs are recognized by TLRs

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21
Q

TLR-4 recognizes:

A

LPS

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22
Q

TLR-3 recognizes

A

sdRNA (double stranded)

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23
Q

how is TLR4 unique as a TLR

A

it’s the only TLR that recruits two adapter proteins

24
Q

what are the two adapter proteins that TLR4 recruits

A

MyD88 and TRIF

25
Q

recruitment of adapter proteins by TLRs leads to what?

A

activation of transcription factors and cytokine production

26
Q

which adapter protein does TLR3 recruit

A

TRIF

27
Q

recruitment of adapter protein TRIF triggers what?

A

IFN alpha & beta production (which then leads to antiviral state)

28
Q

recruitment of adapter protein MyD88 triggers what?

A

increased expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and costimulators. (which causes acute inflammation and stimulation of adaptive immunity)

29
Q

epithelia can be three kinds of barriers:

A

physical - saliva in oral cavity
chemical - kill microbes by disrupting outer membranes of bacteria and some virus
cellular

30
Q

general characteristics of a neutrophil

A

most abundant - 1 x 10^11/day
short lived (6 hrs in blood)
2 kinds of granules: specific & azurophilic
no lysosome

31
Q

which cells are first to reach site of infection

A

neutrophils

32
Q

3 steps in neutrophil activation and function

A

active recruitment
microbe recognition and phagocytosis
destruction

33
Q

which cell is second to reach site of infection

A

monocytes in blood (macrophages in tissues)

34
Q

general characteristics of monocytes

A

10x less abundant in blood than neutrophils
long lived

35
Q

when do macrophages come into the immune response

A

later stages, 1-2 days after infection

36
Q

T/F macrophages divide and persist at inflammation site

A

True

37
Q

two functions of classical/M1 macrophages

A

trigger inflammation, kill microbes

38
Q

T/F dendritic cells do not have phagocytic capabilities

A

False. They do

39
Q

what do classical DCs do

A

link innate and adaptive immune responses.
- capture and display microbial antigens to naive T lymphocytes
- tune T cell response by secreting cytokines

40
Q

what do plasmacytoid DCs do

A

produce type 1 interferon (IFN alpha/beta) that possess antiviral activities

41
Q

what are the two kinds of DCs

A

classical and plasmacytoid

42
Q

T/F NKCs express somatically rearranged clonally distributed antigen receptors

A

False. They do not

43
Q

are NKCs phagocytes?

A

nope

44
Q

do NKCs need activation to kill?

A

nope

45
Q

what is the NKC killin function enhanced by

A

IL-12 and IFN alpha/beta

46
Q

how is a NKC inactivated

A

signals from inhibitory receptors block the signals from activating receptors (MHC class I is bound)

47
Q

how is a NKC activated

A

lack of inhibitory receptor from MHC class I triggers activation

48
Q

how does a NKC kill virus-infected cells

A

perforin and granzymes

49
Q

what do NKCs produce and what does that do

A

IFN-gamma. activated macrophages and leads to killing of phagocytosed microbes

50
Q

where are mast cells found

A

tissues like skin and lungs near blood vessels

51
Q

where are basophils and eosinophils found

A

blood

52
Q

when activated, what do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils do

A

release proteolytic enzymes and substances that contribute to inflammation

53
Q

how many signals does lymphocyte activation require

A

two

54
Q

what is signal 1

A

antigen binding to antigen receptor

55
Q

what is signal 2 and what is it for

A

molecules provided by innate cells. for lymphocyte T activation

56
Q

what is signal 3 also called

A

differentiation signal

57
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cell

Micro (15 decks)

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