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Micro > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

synthesis of cytokines is described as:

A

transient (burst)

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2
Q

T/F cytokines can activate or inhibit cell functions

A

True

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3
Q

what do macrophages produce and what do they activate

A

IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IFNa
they activate NK cells

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4
Q

what do NK cells produce and what does it activate

A

IFNy
activates macrophages

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5
Q

which cytokines participate in the recruitment of neutrophils from the blood

A

IL-1 and TNFa

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6
Q

what else does TNFa so

A

increases vascular permeability

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7
Q

which cytokines released in the circulation induce cells from the liver to produce acute-phase reactants

A

IL-6, IL-1 and TNF

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8
Q

M1 macrophages are also called

A

classically activated macrophages

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9
Q

M1 macrophages produce:

A

IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF

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10
Q

M1 macrophages are proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

A

proinflammatory

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11
Q

M2 macrophages are also called

A

alternatively activated macrophages

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12
Q

M2 macrophages produce:

A

IL-10 and TGFbeta

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13
Q

M2 macrophages are proinflammatory or anti-inflamatory?

A

anti-inflammatory

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14
Q

which cytokine promotes T cell proliferation

A

IL-2

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15
Q

what do naive T cells produce?

A

IL-12, IL-6 and TGF-beta

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16
Q

what does IL-12 induce

A

Th1 cell differentiation

17
Q

what does IL-4 induce

A

Th2 cell differentiation

18
Q

what does IL-6/TGFbeta induce

A

Th17 cell differentiation

19
Q

what do Th1 cells produce and what does it activate?

A

IFNy
activates macrophages

20
Q

what do Th2 cells produce and what does it activate?

A

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13
activates eosinophils

21
Q

what do Th17 cells produce and what does it activate?

A

IL-17 & IL-22
activates neutrophils

22
Q

besides macrophage activation what does IFNy do?

A

helps B cells switch the isotype of the Ig they produce to IgG

23
Q

what else does IL-4 do?

A

helps B cells switch the isotype of the IG they produce to IgE

24
Q

what do T follicular helper cells do

A

in the germinal center, they produce IL-21 that helps B cells produce Ig’s

25
Q

what do regulatory T cells do

A

produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGFbeta to control the cells of the immune response. TGFbeta is the cytokine that triggers differentiation of naive T cells into Tregs

26
Q

what does TNF stand for

A

tumor necrosis factor

27
Q

what are the two types of TNF

A

TNFalpha and TNFbeta

28
Q

what is TNFa produced by

A

activated macrophages

29
Q

what is TNFbeta produced by

A

activated T and B cells

30
Q

in case of a systemic infection, TNFa is produced by macrophages and released in the _____

A

bloodstream

31
Q

release of TNFa into the bloodstream can cause

A

septic shock associated with multiple organ failure

32
Q

type I IFN is also called

A

INFa/B

33
Q

type II IFN is also called

A

IFNy

34
Q

what is IFNa produced by

A

epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and DC

35
Q

what is IFNy produced by

A

lymphocytes and NK cells

36
Q

what induces an antiviral state in uninfected cells in the vicinity

A

viral dsRNA binding to TLR3 triggers production of IFNa/B

37
Q

describe an antiviral state

A

if cells are infected with a virus and the viral replication is inhibited

38
Q

how do chemokines mediate movement of leukocytes

A
  • from blood to tissues (IL-8 or CXCL8 binds to CXCR2)
  • from infection sites to draining lymph nodes (CCL19/CCL21 bind to CCR7)
  • from primary lymphoid organs to LN and spleen (CCL19/CCL21 bind to CCR7 and CXCL13 binds to CXCR5)
  • from lymphoid organs to infection sites (CXCL10 binds to CXCR3)

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