Cytokines

Question 1

synthesis of cytokines is described as:

Answer 1

transient (burst)

Question 2

T/F cytokines can activate or inhibit cell functions

Answer 2

True

Question 3

what do macrophages produce and what do they activate

Answer 3

IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IFNa
they activate NK cells

Question 4

what do NK cells produce and what does it activate

Answer 4

IFNy
activates macrophages

Question 5

which cytokines participate in the recruitment of neutrophils from the blood

Answer 5

IL-1 and TNFa

Question 6

what else does TNFa so

Answer 6

increases vascular permeability

Question 7

which cytokines released in the circulation induce cells from the liver to produce acute-phase reactants

Answer 7

IL-6, IL-1 and TNF

Question 8

M1 macrophages are also called

Answer 8

classically activated macrophages

Question 9

M1 macrophages produce:

Answer 9

IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF

Question 10

M1 macrophages are proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory?

Answer 10

proinflammatory

Question 11

M2 macrophages are also called

Answer 11

alternatively activated macrophages

Question 12

M2 macrophages produce:

Answer 12

IL-10 and TGFbeta

Question 13

M2 macrophages are proinflammatory or anti-inflamatory?

Answer 13

anti-inflammatory

Question 14

which cytokine promotes T cell proliferation

Answer 14

IL-2

Question 15

what do naive T cells produce?

Answer 15

IL-12, IL-6 and TGF-beta

Question 16

what does IL-12 induce

Answer 16

Th1 cell differentiation

Question 17

what does IL-4 induce

Answer 17

Th2 cell differentiation

Question 18

what does IL-6/TGFbeta induce

Answer 18

Th17 cell differentiation

Question 19

what do Th1 cells produce and what does it activate?

Answer 19

IFNy
activates macrophages

Question 20

what do Th2 cells produce and what does it activate?

Answer 20

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13
activates eosinophils

Question 21

what do Th17 cells produce and what does it activate?

Answer 21

IL-17 & IL-22
activates neutrophils

Question 22

besides macrophage activation what does IFNy do?

Answer 22

helps B cells switch the isotype of the Ig they produce to IgG

Question 23

what else does IL-4 do?

Answer 23

helps B cells switch the isotype of the IG they produce to IgE

Question 24

what do T follicular helper cells do

Answer 24

in the germinal center, they produce IL-21 that helps B cells produce Ig’s

Question 25

what do regulatory T cells do

Answer 25

produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGFbeta to control the cells of the immune response. TGFbeta is the cytokine that triggers differentiation of naive T cells into Tregs

Question 26

what does TNF stand for

Answer 26

tumor necrosis factor

Question 27

what are the two types of TNF

Answer 27

TNFalpha and TNFbeta

Question 28

what is TNFa produced by

Answer 28

activated macrophages

Question 29

what is TNFbeta produced by

Answer 29

activated T and B cells

Question 30

in case of a systemic infection, TNFa is produced by macrophages and released in the _____

Answer 30

bloodstream

Question 31

release of TNFa into the bloodstream can cause

Answer 31

septic shock associated with multiple organ failure

Question 32

type I IFN is also called

Answer 32

INFa/B

Question 33

type II IFN is also called

Answer 33

IFNy

Question 34

what is IFNa produced by

Answer 34

epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and DC

Question 35

what is IFNy produced by

Answer 35

lymphocytes and NK cells

Question 36

what induces an antiviral state in uninfected cells in the vicinity

Answer 36

viral dsRNA binding to TLR3 triggers production of IFNa/B

Question 37

describe an antiviral state

Answer 37

if cells are infected with a virus and the viral replication is inhibited

Question 38

how do chemokines mediate movement of leukocytes

Answer 38

- from blood to tissues (IL-8 or CXCL8 binds to CXCR2) - from infection sites to draining lymph nodes (CCL19/CCL21 bind to CCR7) - from primary lymphoid organs to LN and spleen (CCL19/CCL21 bind to CCR7 and CXCL13 binds to CXCR5) - from lymphoid organs to infection sites (CXCL10 binds to CXCR3)