Cytokines Flashcards
synthesis of cytokines is described as:
transient (burst)
T/F cytokines can activate or inhibit cell functions
True
what do macrophages produce and what do they activate
IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IFNa
they activate NK cells
what do NK cells produce and what does it activate
IFNy
activates macrophages
which cytokines participate in the recruitment of neutrophils from the blood
IL-1 and TNFa
what else does TNFa so
increases vascular permeability
which cytokines released in the circulation induce cells from the liver to produce acute-phase reactants
IL-6, IL-1 and TNF
M1 macrophages are also called
classically activated macrophages
M1 macrophages produce:
IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF
M1 macrophages are proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory?
proinflammatory
M2 macrophages are also called
alternatively activated macrophages
M2 macrophages produce:
IL-10 and TGFbeta
M2 macrophages are proinflammatory or anti-inflamatory?
anti-inflammatory
which cytokine promotes T cell proliferation
IL-2
what do naive T cells produce?
IL-12, IL-6 and TGF-beta
what does IL-12 induce
Th1 cell differentiation
what does IL-4 induce
Th2 cell differentiation
what does IL-6/TGFbeta induce
Th17 cell differentiation
what do Th1 cells produce and what does it activate?
IFNy
activates macrophages
what do Th2 cells produce and what does it activate?
IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13
activates eosinophils
what do Th17 cells produce and what does it activate?
IL-17 & IL-22
activates neutrophils
besides macrophage activation what does IFNy do?
helps B cells switch the isotype of the Ig they produce to IgG
what else does IL-4 do?
helps B cells switch the isotype of the IG they produce to IgE
what do T follicular helper cells do
in the germinal center, they produce IL-21 that helps B cells produce Ig’s
what do regulatory T cells do
produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGFbeta to control the cells of the immune response. TGFbeta is the cytokine that triggers differentiation of naive T cells into Tregs
what does TNF stand for
tumor necrosis factor
what are the two types of TNF
TNFalpha and TNFbeta
what is TNFa produced by
activated macrophages
what is TNFbeta produced by
activated T and B cells
in case of a systemic infection, TNFa is produced by macrophages and released in the _____
bloodstream
release of TNFa into the bloodstream can cause
septic shock associated with multiple organ failure
type I IFN is also called
INFa/B
type II IFN is also called
IFNy
what is IFNa produced by
epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and DC
what is IFNy produced by
lymphocytes and NK cells
what induces an antiviral state in uninfected cells in the vicinity
viral dsRNA binding to TLR3 triggers production of IFNa/B
describe an antiviral state
if cells are infected with a virus and the viral replication is inhibited
how do chemokines mediate movement of leukocytes
- from blood to tissues (IL-8 or CXCL8 binds to CXCR2)
- from infection sites to draining lymph nodes (CCL19/CCL21 bind to CCR7)
- from primary lymphoid organs to LN and spleen (CCL19/CCL21 bind to CCR7 and CXCL13 binds to CXCR5)
- from lymphoid organs to infection sites (CXCL10 binds to CXCR3)
