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Micro > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

four principle effects of inflammation:

A
  • increase in T (calor)
  • redness (rubor)
  • swelling (tumor)
  • pain (dolor)
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2
Q

in response to bacterial infection, resident cells secrete what:

A

histamine, prostaglandins, TNFa

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3
Q

in response to bacterial infection, what happens after resident cells secrete something:

A

increased capillary permeability leading to influx of PLASMA PROTEINS and PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, contributing to swelling, redness, heat and pain

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4
Q

what produces cytokines and when are they produced

A

innate cells upon interaction with infectious agents

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5
Q

what do cytokines do

A

activate or mobilize other cells

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6
Q

what is pus

A

accumulation of dying neutrophils

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7
Q

what are the 4 cytokine effects on the vascular endothelium

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. endothelial wall gains new adhesion proteins specific for interactions with leukocytes (selectins and integrin ligands) MOST IMPORTANT ONE
  3. loosening of cell junctions
  4. clotting of microvessels
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8
Q

where are the systemic effects of cytokines taking place

A
  • liver
  • bone marrow endothelium
  • hypothalamus
  • fat/muscle
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9
Q

which inflammatory cytokines act on the liver

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNFa

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10
Q

which inflammatory cytokines act on the bone marrow endothelium

A

IL-1, TNFa

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11
Q

which inflammatory cytokines act on the hypothalamus and fat/muscle

A

IL-1, TNFa

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12
Q

inflammatory cytokines acting on the liver lead to what:

A

activation of complement, opsonization

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13
Q

inflammatory cytokines acting on the hypothalamus and fat/muscle lead to what

A

decreased viral and bacterial replication (by increasing body T)

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14
Q

what are the four steps of leukocyte transmigration

A
  1. rolling
  2. integrin activation by chemokines
  3. stable adhesion
  4. migration through endothelium
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15
Q

what are the three liver plasma proteins

A

SAP, CRP, MBL

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16
Q

what do the liver plasma proteins function as

A

opsonin, targeting microbes for phagocytosis

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17
Q

which liver plasma proteins bind phagocyte scavenger receptor

A

SAP/CRP

18
Q

which liver plasma proteins bind phagocyte C1q receptor

A

MBL

19
Q

which liver plasma proteins are involved in the classical pathway

A

CRP-SAP

20
Q

which liver plasma proteins are involved in the lectin pathway

A

MBL

21
Q

define opsonization

A

process of marking microbe for ingestion

22
Q

T/F opsonins cannot bind to microbe and phagocyte receptor simultaneously

A

F. They bind them simultaneously

23
Q

in periodontitis what is CRP a marker of

A

inflammation

24
Q

in the complement system, all pathways lead to cleavage of __ by _____________ into ______ and _____

A

in the complement system, all pathways lead to cleavage of C3 by C3 CONVERTASE into C3b (opsonin) and C3a (anaphylatoxin)

25
Q

which complements induce local inflammatory responses

A

C3a and C5a

26
Q

C3a and C5a cause what

A

increased vascular permeability and increased microbicidal activity

27
Q

define phagocytosis

A

process of ingestion of opsonin-coated or receptor-bound microbes

28
Q

T/F macrophages use lysosomes to destroy microbes

A

True

29
Q

which granules do neutrophils use

A

azurophilic and specific granules

30
Q

the lysosome in a macrophage is also called

A

phagolysosome

31
Q

what is toxic for ingested microbes

A

O2- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)

32
Q

which enzyme does the phagolysosome use in generating O2- and ROS

A

NADPH oxidase

33
Q

what are the two free radical generating systems:

A
  1. Phagocyte oxidase system
  2. inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
34
Q

both free-radical generating systems are induced by what

A

IFNy, complement and signals from TLR

35
Q

what are two ways microbes are killed

A

free radical generating systems and proteolytic enzyme production

36
Q

T/F neutrophils can kill microbes intracellularly and extracellularly

A

True

37
Q

what are the two ways neutrophils can kill microbes intracellularly

A

ROS and degranulation

38
Q

how can neutrophils kill microbes extracellularly

A

NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps)

39
Q

what is a NET

A

network of extracellular fibers composed of DNA that bind microbes

40
Q

how do NETs kill microbes

A

high local [ ] of antimicrobial components that kill microbes extracellularly

Micro (15 decks)

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