Inflammation Flashcards
four principle effects of inflammation:
- increase in T (calor)
- redness (rubor)
- swelling (tumor)
- pain (dolor)
in response to bacterial infection, resident cells secrete what:
histamine, prostaglandins, TNFa
in response to bacterial infection, what happens after resident cells secrete something:
increased capillary permeability leading to influx of PLASMA PROTEINS and PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, contributing to swelling, redness, heat and pain
what produces cytokines and when are they produced
innate cells upon interaction with infectious agents
what do cytokines do
activate or mobilize other cells
what is pus
accumulation of dying neutrophils
what are the 4 cytokine effects on the vascular endothelium
- vasodilation
- endothelial wall gains new adhesion proteins specific for interactions with leukocytes (selectins and integrin ligands) MOST IMPORTANT ONE
- loosening of cell junctions
- clotting of microvessels
where are the systemic effects of cytokines taking place
- liver
- bone marrow endothelium
- hypothalamus
- fat/muscle
which inflammatory cytokines act on the liver
IL-1, IL-6, TNFa
which inflammatory cytokines act on the bone marrow endothelium
IL-1, TNFa
which inflammatory cytokines act on the hypothalamus and fat/muscle
IL-1, TNFa
inflammatory cytokines acting on the liver lead to what:
activation of complement, opsonization
inflammatory cytokines acting on the hypothalamus and fat/muscle lead to what
decreased viral and bacterial replication (by increasing body T)
what are the four steps of leukocyte transmigration
- rolling
- integrin activation by chemokines
- stable adhesion
- migration through endothelium
what are the three liver plasma proteins
SAP, CRP, MBL
what do the liver plasma proteins function as
opsonin, targeting microbes for phagocytosis
which liver plasma proteins bind phagocyte scavenger receptor
SAP/CRP
which liver plasma proteins bind phagocyte C1q receptor
MBL
which liver plasma proteins are involved in the classical pathway
CRP-SAP
which liver plasma proteins are involved in the lectin pathway
MBL
define opsonization
process of marking microbe for ingestion
T/F opsonins cannot bind to microbe and phagocyte receptor simultaneously
F. They bind them simultaneously
in periodontitis what is CRP a marker of
inflammation
in the complement system, all pathways lead to cleavage of __ by _____________ into ______ and _____
in the complement system, all pathways lead to cleavage of C3 by C3 CONVERTASE into C3b (opsonin) and C3a (anaphylatoxin)
which complements induce local inflammatory responses
C3a and C5a
C3a and C5a cause what
increased vascular permeability and increased microbicidal activity
define phagocytosis
process of ingestion of opsonin-coated or receptor-bound microbes
T/F macrophages use lysosomes to destroy microbes
True
which granules do neutrophils use
azurophilic and specific granules
the lysosome in a macrophage is also called
phagolysosome
what is toxic for ingested microbes
O2- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
which enzyme does the phagolysosome use in generating O2- and ROS
NADPH oxidase
what are the two free radical generating systems:
- Phagocyte oxidase system
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
both free-radical generating systems are induced by what
IFNy, complement and signals from TLR
what are two ways microbes are killed
free radical generating systems and proteolytic enzyme production
T/F neutrophils can kill microbes intracellularly and extracellularly
True
what are the two ways neutrophils can kill microbes intracellularly
ROS and degranulation
how can neutrophils kill microbes extracellularly
NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps)
what is a NET
network of extracellular fibers composed of DNA that bind microbes
how do NETs kill microbes
high local [ ] of antimicrobial components that kill microbes extracellularly
