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NUR 516 > Innate and Adaptive Immunity (complete) > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Our body’s defense system against pathogens, foreign substances that cause disease
- responsible for maintaining the body’s internal homeostasis
- complex response
– response times vary from immediate to later
- two processes that work together:
– innate (natural)
– adaptive immunity

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2
Q

What are the organs involved in immunity?

A
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • tonsils
  • Peyers patches
  • appendix

lymph nodes

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3
Q

What is the spleen?

A

largest of the lymph organs
has white and red pulp

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4
Q

What is white pulp

A

in the spleen
contains concentrated areas of the T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells

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5
Q

What is red pulp?

A

in the spleen
where old or damaged RBCs are destroyed

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6
Q

What occurs in the thymus?

A

maturation of functional T-cells

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7
Q

What are tonsils?

A

collection of lymph tissue located at entrance to the digestive and respiratory tracts
- no afferent lymphatic vessels

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8
Q

What are Peyers patches?

A
  • lymphoid tissues in the GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts
  • only contain B cells
  • not encapsulated
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9
Q

What are lymph nodes? What is their function?

A

vessels that provide lymph - protein rich fluid

Function
- filter foreign material from the lymph before it enters the blood
- centers for the growth and response of the immune cells
- located throughout the body

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10
Q

Innate vs Adaptive immunity (just a photo)

A
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11
Q

What is innate (natural) immunity?

A
  • non-specific part of the immune system
  • no memory!
  • plays a role in the inflammatory process, which can actually lead to disease

Cells involved:
- neutrophils
- monocytes/macrophages
- natural killer cells

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12
Q

What three types of barriers are in the first line of defense of innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
Mechanical barriers (coughing, sneezing)
Chemical barriers (tears, sweat, stomach acid)

Activation of complement system

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13
Q

What is included in the epithelial barriers of the first line of defense of innate immunity?

A
  • closely packed cells, layers, constant shedding and protective layer of keratin
    – salty acidic environment inhibits colonization
  • lysozyme: makes cells easier for phagocytosis
  • mucous membranes: tight epithelial cells
    – mucus traps and washes away along with saliva
  • cilia: move microbes towards throat to be expelled by coughing
  • surfactants: in respiratory tract
    – opsonize or tag the cells needed to have phagocytosis
  • GI tract goblet cells: secrete mucin
    – hydrated form is mucus: traps pathogens for destruction
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14
Q

What is the second line of defense of innate immunity?

A
  • inflammatory response
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • phagocytosis
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15
Q

What are phagocytic cells?

A
  • neutrophils
  • dendritic cells
  • monocytes/macrophages
  • natural killer cells
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16
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • most important cell in innate system
  • short lived; many are produced
  • v important in phagocytosis
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17
Q

Eosinophils/basophils (mast cells)

A
  • attack parasites which are too large for phagocytosis
  • v important in allergic reactions
  • mast cells can live for months
  • v important in hypersensitivity reaction
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18
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A
  • go to all tissues
  • macrophages are mature monocytes; long lived
  • are in both innate and adaptive immunity
    – first line in innate immunity
  • scavenger - final clean up
  • major inhibitor of the adaptive immune response
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19
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A
  • found in nose, lungs, mucosal lining of the GI tract and skin
  • migrate through the lymphatic system
  • provide major link between innate and adaptive immunity:
    – takes the organism to B and T lymphocytes (APC)
    – some can produce interferon to suppress viral replications
  • also involved in cell-mediated immune reactions (allergic type IE contact dermatitis)

think of it having little arms and grabbing organism and taking it to B and T lymphocytes

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20
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A
  • subclass of granular lymphocytes
  • innate immune system
  • first line of defense: constantly roaming body
  • can recognize and kill bacteria, viruses, stressed, or tumor cells
  • release cytotoxic granules resulting in apoptosis
    – perforin and granzyme
  • solicit help from other types of immune cells by releasing proteins in the blood
    – cytokines
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21
Q

How natural killer cells work (photo)

A
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22
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • Proteins produced and secreted by most cells in the body
    – interleukins (IL), interferons (IFNs) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
    – can be pro-inflammatory (IL-1, TNF, IL-6) or anti-inflammatory (IL-10)
  • Act as chemical messengers
    – aid in communication among cells
    – are secreted and bind to receptors on targeted cells
  • Play a role in innate and adaptive immunity
  • Not stored; are short-lived
  • Are pleiotropic: can act on different cells, not just one
  • Produce colony stimulating factors to induce different cell types in the bone marrow
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23
Q

What are chemokines?

A
  • subgroup of cytokines produced by thymus and lymphoid tissue
    – promote inflammatory response
    – signaling
  • control the movement and positioning of immune cells (T cells, B cells, dendritic cells) in tissues and critical for function on innate immune system
  • warn other host cells of danger
  • too many can cause damage to cells and tissues
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24
Q

What is the complement system?

A
  • groups of circulating plasma proteins that help defend against microorganisms
  • serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity
25
Q

What does the complement system do?

A
  • when activated: sets into play a series of events which end in lysis of pathogen
    – activated when antibody contacts antigen
  • help in the disposal of immune complexed and by-products associated with inflammation

Three stages:
- initial activation phase
- amplification of inflammation
- late-stage membrane attack response
– cell lysis

26
Q

What are antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A
  • group of immune cells that mediate the cellular response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes (T cells)
  • begin transition from innate to adaptive immunity (change from non-specific to specific)
27
Q

What do APCs include?

A

macrophages, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells
- chop up the antigen and move it to surface for the MHC complex
- activate T cells

28
Q

What are the functions of APCs?

A
  • express the MHC molecules on their membrane
  • involved in T-cell activation
  • “present” the antigen to the immune system
29
Q

What do natural killer cells (NK) do?

A
  • innate immune system
  • first line of defense against viral infections
  • can recognize and kill infected, stressed, or tumor cells
  • can activate and inhibit
    – does not destroy normal cells
  • granules form pores in cell membrane and cause apoptosis
  • granular lymphocytes
30
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex?

A

MHC
- enables the T-lymphocytes to determine “healthy vs unhealthy” cells
– recognition of self vs non-self
- large cluster of genes on chromosome 6
– divided into three classes (I, II, III) based upon function
– class II: expressed on APC
– class III: complement system

31
Q

Is the MHC the same for everyone?

A

No. are unique and impact immune responses and susceptibility to certain disease

human leukocyte antigen (HLA), on chromosome 6, are proteins on cell surface and define a person’s tissue type
- proteins involved in antigen presentation
- encode for parts of complement system

32
Q

What is adaptive (specific) immunity?

A
  • considered to be third line of defense
  • needs to be activated
  • characterized by antigen-specific response
  • relies on previous exposure to an antigen
    – stronger
    – more prolonged
33
Q

What are the three types of adaptive immunity?

A
  • humoral
  • cell-mediated
  • regulatory T-cells
34
Q

What are antigens?

A
  • substances which generate the response from the host
  • called immunogens
  • can be bacteria, viruses, parasites, pollen, poison ivy, bee stings
  • has an epitope
  • are over 10K proteins that can recognize the antigen
    – antibodies are different on every cell
    – 10 billion combinations to match unique shape
35
Q

What is an epitope?

A

part of an antigen that binds to a specific antigen receptor on the surface of a B or T cell that triggers a cellular immune response

36
Q

What are B cells?

A

B lymphocytes, plasma cells, antibodies

  • designated as plasma/memory cells by helper T cells
    – cells transform into antibody secreting plasma cells or memory B cells
  • plasma cells bind and remove unique antigen with help of effector cells
    – known as antibody factories - lead to opsonization or tagging of cells for phagocytosis
  • memory cells go to peripheral cells for next exposure to antigen
  • play a role in opsonization
37
Q

What are antibodies (immunoglobulins)?

A
  • are complex, y-shaped, glycoproteins
  • produced by mature B lymphocytes
  • specifically recognize and bind to a foreign antigen
37
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

B cells
- mature in the bone marrow
- play a major role in humoral immune response
- differentiate into:
– plasma cells and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
– memory cells

37
Q

Activation and class-switching of B cells (photo)

A
37
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

T cells
- leave bone marrow early, go to thymus to mature
- play a major role in cellular-mediated immunity

Types:
- helper
- cytotoxic (killer)
- regulatory

37
Q

What do macrophages do in adaptive immunity?

A
  • gets rid of pathogens and infected cells through adaptive system
  • APC: bring antigen to the lymphocytes
  • acts like a recruiter
    – produces signaling proteins that activate other immune cells
    – releases cytokines/chemokines
  • scavenger: perform final clean up
38
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A
  • directly impeded the function of the pathogen
  • neutralize secreted toxins and enzymes
  • facilitate the removal of antigens by phagocytic cells
  • participate in cell-mediated immunity
  • activation of opsonization
  • activation of inflammation
39
Q

What are the 5 types of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA, IgD

40
Q

What is IgG?

A
  • most abundant of the circulating immunoglobulins (75-80%)
  • only one which crosses the placenta and transfers immunity from mother to baby
  • protects against bacteria, viruses, and parasite infections
  • activates complement system
  • enhances phagocytosis
41
Q

What is IgM?

A
  • accounts for 6-10%
  • first one to appear in response to bacterial or viral infections
  • largest of immunoglobulins
  • when IgM present – usually sign of acute infection
  • activates complement system
42
Q

What is IgA?

A
  • immunity at mucosal surfaces/body fluids
    – saliva, tears, breast milk, bronchial, prostate, GI, vaginal secretions
  • primary defense against infections in mucosal tissues
  • prevents attachments of microbes to epithelial cells
43
Q

What is IgE?

A
  • important in allergic and parasitic infections
  • binds to mast cells/basophils
  • binding to cells triggers histamine to be released and rest of inflammatory response and allergic reactions
44
Q

What is IgD?

A
  • antigen receptor to begin the differentiation of B lymphocytes
  • least understood
  • known to play role in activation of mast cells and basophils
45
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

process of making B cells
- signaling from T-helper causing B cell differentiation

46
Q

What does humoral immunity do?

A

Works to rid body of microbes and toxins
- antigen-antibody complexes
- clumping of cells
- neutralization of toxins, bacteria, viruses
- destruction of pathogens
- adherence of antigen to immune cells
- phagocytosis
- complement activation

Has primary response and secondary response

47
Q

What is the primary response of humoral immunity?

A
  • primary response: cell waiting for antibody to be detected; clonal selection occurs
    – first time exposed to microorganism
  • B cells differentiate into plasma cells which create antibodies
  • activation takes 1-2 weeks and many get better during primary stage
  • IgM is produced in large amounts, and then IgG produced
48
Q

What is the secondary response of humoral immunity?

A
  • secondary response: occurs with repeated exposure
  • recognition occurs faster
  • minimal IgM but large amounts of IgG

titers, booster shot

49
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A
  • functions against microbes, parasites, bacteria, viruses which replicate inside cells where they cannot be destroyed by antibodies
  • T cells are the major player
    – cytotoxic T cells: attacks and destroy target cells
    – helper T cells (CD4): work to control cells where pathogen grows in the phagosomes of macrophages
    — CD4 cells: secrete interferon – stimulates microcidal substance in macrophage – kills cell
50
Q

What are clusters of differentiation?

A
  • are cell surface markers/receptors
  • expressed by cells at different stages of maturation and activation
  • over 370 different ones
51
Q

Helper T cells and their CD protein

A
  • express CD4 protein
  • direct B lymphocytes and macrophages
    – helps in recognition of self vs non-self
  • secrete cytokines, chemokines – kill infected dead cells and stimulate new macrophages
  • play a role in amplifying and activation of the humoral response
52
Q

What CD protein do helper T cells express?

A

CD 4

53
Q

Cytotoxic T (killer) cells and their CD protein

A
  • express the CD8 protein
  • once activated: search out and destroy antigens
  • able to differentiate what are normal and what are bad
  • cause apoptosis or programmed death
54
Q

What CD protein do cytotoxic T (killer) cells express?

A

CD 8

NUR 516 (10 decks)

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