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NUR 516 > Final - Resp - not meds in here > Flashcards

Final - Resp - not meds in here Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes are on the left side of the lungs?

A

Two lobes

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2
Q

How many lobes are on the right side of the lungs?

A

Three lobes

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3
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Two main bronchi

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4
Q

What are the smaller branches of the bronchi called?

A

Bronchioles

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5
Q

What are the air sacs in the lungs called?

A

Alveoli

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6
Q

What are the two major components of the respiratory system?

A
  • Conducting airway
  • Respiratory airway
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7
Q

What is included in the conducting airway?

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
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8
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory airway?

A

Gas exchange

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9
Q

What components make up the lobules of the lungs?

A
  • Bronchiole
  • Arteriole
  • Pulmonary capillaries
  • Veins
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10
Q

What does the process of ventilation change about atmospheric air?

A

Warms, moistens, and filters

This process enhances the quality of air before it reaches the lungs.

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11
Q

What type of cells in the epithelial lining produce mucus?

A

Goblet cells

These cells play a crucial role in trapping particles and pathogens.

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12
Q

What are the structures involved in the ventilation process?

A

Nose, sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi

These structures work together to condition the air.

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13
Q

What are the main defense mechanisms for the lungs?

A
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Mast cells
  • Cough reflex

These mechanisms help protect the lungs from infection and damage.

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14
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris

They are essential for maintaining lung health.

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15
Q

What role do neutrophils play in lung defense?

A

Respond to infection and inflammation

They are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response.

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16
Q

What do mast cells release during an immune response?

A

Histamines and other mediators

They are involved in allergic reactions and inflammation.

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17
Q

True or False: The cough reflex is a defense mechanism for the lungs.

A

True

It helps expel irritants and pathogens from the airways.

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18
Q

What are the components of the respiratory tract?

A

Lobules and alveoli

The respiratory tract is essential for gas exchange.

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19
Q

What are the functional units of the lungs where gas exchange occurs?

A

Alveoli

Alveoli are also referred to as respiratory sacs.

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20
Q

Which cells produce surfactant in the alveoli?

A

Type II cells

Surfactant helps reduce surface tension in the alveoli.

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21
Q

What structure separates the lungs?

A

Mediastinum

The mediastinum contains the heart, esophagus, thymus gland, and other blood vessels and nerves.

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22
Q

From which part of the heart does the alveoli receive unoxygenated blood?

A

Right ventricle

This blood is delivered via the pulmonary artery.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The alveoli are the functional units of the lungs where _______ occurs.

A

gas exchange

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24
Q

True or False: Surfactant is produced by type I cells in the alveoli.

A

False

Surfactant is produced by type II cells.

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25
What does the mediastinum contain?
* Heart * Esophagus * Thymus gland * Blood vessels * Nerves
26
What is the mucociliary apparatus?
A specialized cellular mechanism within the bronchioles ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in clearing mucus and pathogens from the respiratory tract.
27
What types of cells are found in the mucociliary apparatus?
* Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells * Goblet cells ## Footnote These cells work together to produce and move mucus.
28
What is the function of the cilia in the mucociliary apparatus?
Moves mucus from the bronchioles to the throat ## Footnote The cilia beat in a wave-like motion to facilitate this movement.
29
What is the role of goblet cells in the mucociliary apparatus?
Produce mucus ## Footnote Mucus traps dust, pathogens, and other particles.
30
How does the mucociliary apparatus help in swallowing mucus?
Cilia move mucus upward to the throat ## Footnote This process helps keep the airways clear and allows for mucus to be swallowed.
31
What factors can affect the mucociliary apparatus?
* Smoking * Respiratory Infections ## Footnote These factors can impair the function of the mucociliary apparatus.
32
True or False: The mucociliary apparatus is only composed of ciliated epithelial cells.
False ## Footnote It also includes goblet cells which are essential for mucus production.
33
Fill in the blank: The wave-like movement of cilia enables the movement of mucus _______ to the throat.
[downward] ## Footnote This downward movement is essential for clearing mucus effectively.
34
Where does gas exchange occur?
In the alveoli ## Footnote Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
35
What happens to oxygen during gas exchange?
Oxygen enters the alveolus and moves across the alveolar membrane into the blood ## Footnote This process is crucial for supplying oxygen to the body's tissues.
36
What does oxygen combine with in the blood?
The heme portion of hemoglobin ## Footnote Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.
37
What is formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin ## Footnote Oxyhemoglobin is the compound formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin, facilitating oxygen transport in the bloodstream.
38
What is ventilation?
The process of inspiration and expiration of air ## Footnote Ventilation is essential for gas exchange in the lungs.
39
What controls ventilation?
The respiratory center in the brain ## Footnote It receives input from chemoreceptors and lung receptors (stretch and irritant receptors).
40
Which nerve stimulates diaphragm contraction?
Vagus nerve ## Footnote The vagus nerve plays a crucial role in regulating breathing.
41
What is perfusion?
The movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation ## Footnote Perfusion is necessary for delivering oxygen to the tissues.
42
What does the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q Ratio) measure?
The ratio of the amount of oxygen reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli ## Footnote This ratio is critical for effective gas exchange.
43
What is the ideal state of the ventilation-perfusion ratio?
Both ventilation and perfusion should be equal ## Footnote An equal ratio facilitates optimal gas exchange.
44
What happens when there is an imbalance in ventilation-perfusion?
Leads to a decrease in gas exchange ## Footnote Imbalances can result from various conditions affecting either ventilation or perfusion.
45
What is dead space in the context of ventilation and perfusion?
An area where there is no perfusion ## Footnote Dead space can occur in certain lung conditions, reducing overall efficiency of gas exchange.
46
Pulmonary function Tests (PFT's)
47
What is the most common sign of a pulmonary problem?
Dyspnea (Shortness of breath) ## Footnote Dyspnea indicates difficulty in breathing and is a key clinical manifestation in respiratory issues.
48
What is a cough?
Involuntary response to mechanical or chemical stimulation of the bronchial tree ## Footnote A cough serves to eliminate stimulants from the respiratory tract.
49
What are the two types of cough?
Productive and non-productive ## Footnote A productive cough brings up mucus, while a non-productive cough does not.
50
What is hemoptysis?
Coughing up blood ## Footnote Hemoptysis can be associated with conditions such as tuberculosis, lung cancer, or infection.
51
True or False: Hemoptysis is only associated with lung cancer.
False ## Footnote Hemoptysis can also be associated with tuberculosis and various infections.
52
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of alveoli, resulting in decreased gas exchange ## Footnote Commonly occurs post-op and can also occur due to compression by a mass.
53
What are the common causes of atelectasis?
* Post-operative complications * Compression by a mass
54
What is hypoxia?
Oxygen level in blood inadequate to meet needs of the tissue
55
What is the PaO2 level indicative of hypoxia?
Less than 60 mm Hg
56
What is hypoxemia?
Insufficient amount of oxygen in blood
57
What is Erythropoietin?
A hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels ## Footnote Erythropoietin plays a crucial role in regulating red blood cell production.
58
What stimulates the production of Erythropoietin?
Low oxygen levels ## Footnote This response is critical for maintaining adequate oxygen levels in the body.
59
What is the effect of Erythropoietin on the bone marrow?
Stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of Red blood cells ## Footnote This process is essential for improving oxygen transport in the blood.
60
What types of disorders can stimulate the production of Erythropoietin?
Any disorder that causes hypoxia, such as: * COPD * High altitudes * Cardiac disease ## Footnote These conditions lead to reduced oxygen availability, triggering Erythropoietin secretion.
61
What causes the common cold?
Several viruses invade the upper respiratory tract leading to an inflammatory response.
62
What is the typical duration of a common cold?
About 5-7 days.
63
What happens to mucus membranes during a common cold?
Mucus membranes become engorged.
64
What is the effect on mucus production during a common cold?
There is an increase in mucus production.
65
What hygiene practice is important to prevent the common cold?
Hand hygiene.
66
True or False: Antibiotics are recommended for treating the common cold.
False.

NUR 516 (25 decks)

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