Inflammatory Response Flashcards
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Edema
- Loss of function
- Redness
- Warmth
These signs are key indicators of the inflammatory response.
Which conditions are contraindications for NSAIDS
- NO PREGNANCY
- Hx of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) or GI bleed
- Bleeding disorders
- Allergies
- Renal insufficiency
- Hx of HTN, Heart Failure, and Diabetes
These conditions can significantly affect medication safety and efficacy.
What are common drugs that interact with NSAIDs?
- Anticoagulants
- Corticosteroids
- Alcohol
- ACE inhibitors
- ASA and other anti-platelets
- Lithium
- Many herbals (e.g., Chamomile, Ginger, Ginkgo, Garlic, Ginseng, Dong Quai)
These interactions can increase the risk of adverse effects or alter drug effectiveness.
Which COX-2 inhibitor remains on the market despite concerns?
Celecoxib (Celebrex)
Other COX-2 inhibitors like Vioxx and Bextra were removed from the market due to safety concerns.
What are the actions of Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)?
- Anti-pyretic
- Analgesia
- Inhibit prostaglandin production
- Reduce swelling and/or pain
- Lower fever
- Inhibits platelet aggregation
- Can start inhibiting platelets within 15-20 minutes
Aspirin has multiple therapeutic effects, including pain relief and fever reduction.
What are the contraindications for Acetylsalicylic Acid?
- Allergy (watch closely in asthmatics)
- Bleeding abnormalities
- Renal dysfunction
- Never give to children under age 18 (causes Reye Syndrome)
- No pregnancy (may see in those with coagulation issues)
What are the side effects of NSAIDs?
- Gastrointestinal pain
- Heartburn
- Nausea
- Gastric mucosa damage
- GI bleeding
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Kidney damage
Patients with existing health issues, like hypertension or diabetes, are at higher risk for complications.
What is the role of Arachidonic Acid in inflammation?
It leads to the production of eicosanoid mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Which cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Mast Cells
- Monocytes/Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
Each type of cell plays a specific role in the inflammatory process and immune response.
What is the different types of exudates
Serous- Water protein low in content (blister)
Serosanguinous- RBC leak
Purulent- pus with neutrophil protein
Abcess- core surrounded by neutrophil
Fill in the blank: Inflammation is a reaction to _______ or the actual death of a cell.
[injury]
This definition encompasses both physical and biological triggers for the inflammatory response.
True or False: Chronic inflammation can be asymptomatic.
True
Chronic inflammation can persist without noticeable symptoms, complicating diagnosis and treatment.
What is the effect of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?
It acts as a potent vasodilator, helping to maintain endothelial cell health and smoothness.
Nitric oxide plays a critical role in regulating blood flow and immune response.
What is the role of cytokines in inflammation?
They help regulate immunity and are involved in the symptoms experienced during inflammation. (Fever, hypotension, increased HR, increase cortisol levels, decreased appetite)
Important cytokines include Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukins (IL-1, IL-6).
What are the stages of acute inflammation?
- Vascular Stage
- Cellular Stage
Each stage has distinct physiological changes that contribute to the overall inflammatory response.
What is the significance of the term ‘itis’ in medical terminology?
It denotes inflammation.
Common examples include arthritis (inflammation of joints) and dermatitis (inflammation of the skin).
What are the two stages of the inflammatory response?
Vascular Stage and Cellular Stage
What occurs during the Vascular Stage of inflammation?
Increased blood flow, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leakage into the extravascular space
What substances do injured tissues secrete during the Vascular Stage?
Nitric oxide and histamine
What are the primary effects of the Vascular Stage?
Heat, Redness, and Pain
What happens to blood during the Vascular Stage as fluid moves out?
Blood thickens and stagnates leading to clotting
What types of Plasma-Derived Mediators are involved in the inflammatory response?
- Kinin System
- Coagulation System
- Complement System
- Fibrinolysis System
What is the role of the Kinin System in inflammation?
Increase capillary permeability and stimulate pain receptors
What is formed when the Kinin System is activated?
Bradykinin