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NUR 516 > Inflammatory Response > Flashcards

Inflammatory Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • Edema
  • Loss of function
  • Redness
  • Warmth

These signs are key indicators of the inflammatory response.

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2
Q

Which conditions are contraindications for NSAIDS

A
  • NO PREGNANCY
  • Hx of PUD (peptic ulcer disease) or GI bleed
  • Bleeding disorders
  • Allergies
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Hx of HTN, Heart Failure, and Diabetes

These conditions can significantly affect medication safety and efficacy.

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3
Q

What are common drugs that interact with NSAIDs?

A
  • Anticoagulants
  • Corticosteroids
  • Alcohol
  • ACE inhibitors
  • ASA and other anti-platelets
  • Lithium
  • Many herbals (e.g., Chamomile, Ginger, Ginkgo, Garlic, Ginseng, Dong Quai)

These interactions can increase the risk of adverse effects or alter drug effectiveness.

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4
Q

Which COX-2 inhibitor remains on the market despite concerns?

A

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

Other COX-2 inhibitors like Vioxx and Bextra were removed from the market due to safety concerns.

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5
Q

What are the actions of Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)?

A
  • Anti-pyretic
  • Analgesia
  • Inhibit prostaglandin production
    • Reduce swelling and/or pain
    • Lower fever
  • Inhibits platelet aggregation
  • Can start inhibiting platelets within 15-20 minutes

Aspirin has multiple therapeutic effects, including pain relief and fever reduction.

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6
Q

What are the contraindications for Acetylsalicylic Acid?

A
  • Allergy (watch closely in asthmatics)
  • Bleeding abnormalities
  • Renal dysfunction
  • Never give to children under age 18 (causes Reye Syndrome)
  • No pregnancy (may see in those with coagulation issues)
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7
Q

What are the side effects of NSAIDs?

A
  • Gastrointestinal pain
  • Heartburn
  • Nausea
  • Gastric mucosa damage
  • GI bleeding
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • Kidney damage

Patients with existing health issues, like hypertension or diabetes, are at higher risk for complications.

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8
Q

What is the role of Arachidonic Acid in inflammation?

A

It leads to the production of eicosanoid mediators, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

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9
Q

Which cells are primarily involved in acute inflammation?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast Cells
  • Monocytes/Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes

Each type of cell plays a specific role in the inflammatory process and immune response.

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10
Q

What is the different types of exudates

A

Serous- Water protein low in content (blister)
Serosanguinous- RBC leak
Purulent- pus with neutrophil protein
Abcess- core surrounded by neutrophil

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Inflammation is a reaction to _______ or the actual death of a cell.

A

[injury]

This definition encompasses both physical and biological triggers for the inflammatory response.

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12
Q

True or False: Chronic inflammation can be asymptomatic.

A

True

Chronic inflammation can persist without noticeable symptoms, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

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13
Q

What is the effect of Nitric Oxide in inflammation?

A

It acts as a potent vasodilator, helping to maintain endothelial cell health and smoothness.

Nitric oxide plays a critical role in regulating blood flow and immune response.

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14
Q

What is the role of cytokines in inflammation?

A

They help regulate immunity and are involved in the symptoms experienced during inflammation. (Fever, hypotension, increased HR, increase cortisol levels, decreased appetite)

Important cytokines include Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukins (IL-1, IL-6).

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15
Q

What are the stages of acute inflammation?

A
  • Vascular Stage
  • Cellular Stage

Each stage has distinct physiological changes that contribute to the overall inflammatory response.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘itis’ in medical terminology?

A

It denotes inflammation.

Common examples include arthritis (inflammation of joints) and dermatitis (inflammation of the skin).

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17
Q

What are the two stages of the inflammatory response?

A

Vascular Stage and Cellular Stage

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18
Q

What occurs during the Vascular Stage of inflammation?

A

Increased blood flow, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leakage into the extravascular space

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19
Q

What substances do injured tissues secrete during the Vascular Stage?

A

Nitric oxide and histamine

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20
Q

What are the primary effects of the Vascular Stage?

A

Heat, Redness, and Pain

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21
Q

What happens to blood during the Vascular Stage as fluid moves out?

A

Blood thickens and stagnates leading to clotting

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22
Q

What types of Plasma-Derived Mediators are involved in the inflammatory response?

A
  • Kinin System
  • Coagulation System
  • Complement System
  • Fibrinolysis System
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23
Q

What is the role of the Kinin System in inflammation?

A

Increase capillary permeability and stimulate pain receptors

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24
Q

What is formed when the Kinin System is activated?

A

Bradykinin

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25
Q

What receptors does Bradykinin bind to?

A
  • Beta 1
  • Beta 2
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26
Q

What is the main role of the Coagulation System?

A

Formation of the fibrin clot

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27
Q

What does the Complement System consist of?

A

Over 30 plasma proteins

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28
Q

What are the functions of the Complement System?

A
  • Cell Lysis
  • Opsonization
  • Chemotaxis
  • Anaphylation
  • Degranulation of mast cells
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29
Q

What is the main inflammatory mediator in the Fibrinolysis System?

A

Plasmin

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30
Q

What is the role of Plasmin in inflammation?

A

Breaks down fibrin clot which increases permeability

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31
Q

What are the four phases of the Cellular Stage?

A
  • Margination & Adhesion
  • Transmigration
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis
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32
Q

What happens during the Margination & Adhesion phase?

A

Leukocytes contact endothelial tissue and roll along the surface

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33
Q

What facilitates the migration of leukocytes through the vessel wall?

A

Chemotaxis

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34
Q

What is the function of endothelial cells during inflammation?

A

Release nitric oxide to aid leukocyte migration

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35
Q

What is the process of Phagocytosis?

A

Attachment, engulfment, fusion with lysosome, and degradation of bacteria

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: The most important function of inflammation and immunity is to _______.

A

Provide protection against invading microorganisms

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37
Q

True or False: Increased vascular permeability is a result of the Vascular Stage.

A

True

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38
Q

What should a nurse assess for in a patient in the cellular phase of inflammation?

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Purulent drainage
  • Pain
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39
Q

What triggers the Coagulation System?

A

Factor XII in the coagulation cascade

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40
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Inflammation is the body’s response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

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41
Q

True or False: Inflammation is always a harmful process.

A

False: Inflammation is a protective response, although it can become harmful if chronic.

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42
Q

What are the main components of the inflammatory response?

A

The main components include blood vessels, immune cells, and signaling molecules.

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: The inflammatory process is primarily mediated by ______ cells.

A

immune

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44
Q

What role do cytokines play in inflammation?

A

Cytokines are signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis.

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45
Q

Name one common acute inflammatory response.

A

Acute appendicitis.

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46
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury, while chronic inflammation is a prolonged, often harmful response.

47
Q

True or False: Chronic inflammation can contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer.

A

True.

48
Q

What is the role of macrophages in inflammation?

A

Macrophages engulf pathogens and dead cells, and they also secrete cytokines to regulate the inflammatory response.

49
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation? A) Redness B) Swelling C) Numbness D) Heat

A

C) Numbness

50
Q

What type of immune response is primarily involved in inflammation?

A

The innate immune response.

51
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of ______ allows leukocytes to exit the bloodstream and enter tissues.

A

diapedesis

52
Q

What are prostaglandins and their role in inflammation?

A

Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that promote inflammation, pain, and fever.

53
Q

True or False: Inflammation can occur without infection.

A

True.

54
Q

What is the purpose of vasodilation during the inflammatory response?

A

Vasodilation increases blood flow to the affected area, bringing more immune cells and nutrients.

55
Q

What is a common chronic inflammatory disease?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis.

56
Q

How do antibodies relate to inflammation?

A

Antibodies can mark pathogens for destruction and activate complement proteins that enhance inflammation.

57
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following cells are primarily involved in allergic inflammation? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Macrophages D) T-cells

A

B) Eosinophils

58
Q

What is the role of histamine in inflammation?

A

Histamine is released by mast cells and causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic inflammation is often associated with ______ diseases.

A

autoimmune

60
Q

What is the significance of the inflammatory phase in wound healing?

A

The inflammatory phase cleans the wound and prepares the tissue for healing.

61
Q

True or False: Inflammation is essential for the healing process.

A

True.

62
Q

What role does the complement system play in inflammation?

A

The complement system enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.

63
Q

What are the potential consequences of uncontrolled inflammation?

A

Uncontrolled inflammation can lead to tissue damage, chronic disease, and systemic issues.

64
Q

What is the primary goal of the inflammatory response?

A

To eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and initiate the healing process.

65
Q

What is the first vascular change that occurs in an acute inflammatory response?

A

Vasodilation

66
Q

True or False: Increased vascular permeability is a characteristic of acute inflammation.

A

True

67
Q

Fill in the blank: During acute inflammation, the blood vessels become more __________, allowing plasma proteins to leak into the tissue.

A

permeable

68
Q

What mediators are primarily responsible for vasodilation during acute inflammation?

A

Histamine and nitric oxide

69
Q

What is the effect of vasodilation on blood flow?

A

It increases blood flow to the affected area.

70
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a vascular change in acute inflammation? A) Vasodilation B) Increased permeability C) Vasoconstriction D) Stasis

A

C) Vasoconstriction

71
Q

What happens to blood flow velocity during the acute inflammatory response?

A

It decreases due to increased viscosity and stasis.

72
Q

True or False: Stasis refers to the slowing of blood flow in the microcirculation.

A

True

73
Q

What is the role of endothelial cells in the vascular changes of acute inflammation?

A

They become activated and facilitate increased permeability.

74
Q

During acute inflammation, what type of cells migrate to the site of injury?

A

Leukocytes

75
Q

What is the primary cause of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?

A

The contraction of endothelial cells.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: The inflammatory mediators responsible for vascular changes include __________, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.

A

cytokines

77
Q

What is the term for the accumulation of leukocytes in the blood vessels during acute inflammation?

A

Margination

78
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a consequence of increased vascular permeability? A) Decreased fluid leakage B) Edema C) Increased blood pressure D) Reduced blood flow

A

B) Edema

79
Q

What is the term for the local swelling caused by increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?

A

Edema

80
Q

True or False: Acute inflammation always results in tissue damage.

A

False

81
Q

What physiological response is triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators?

A

Vascular changes such as vasodilation and increased permeability.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which leukocytes exit the blood vessels and enter the tissue is called __________.

A

diapedesis

83
Q

What role do platelets play in the vascular changes during acute inflammation?

A

They release mediators that promote vascular changes.

84
Q

What is the effect of increased blood flow on the temperature of the inflamed area?

A

It increases the temperature.

85
Q

Name one clinical sign of acute inflammation that results from vascular changes.

A

Redness (rubor)

86
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a classic sign of inflammation? A) Pain B) Numbness C) Fatigue D) Weakness

A

A) Pain

87
Q

What happens to the concentration of plasma proteins in the interstitial fluid during acute inflammation?

A

It increases due to leakage from blood vessels.

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The inflammatory response can be modulated by __________, which can either enhance or inhibit vascular changes.

A

anti-inflammatory mediators

89
Q

What is the overall purpose of vascular changes in acute inflammation?

A

To deliver immune cells and proteins to the site of injury.

90
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils in acute inflammation?

A

To phagocytize pathogens and debris.

91
Q

True or False: Macrophages are derived from monocytes.

A

True

92
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are the first responders to sites of acute inflammation.

A

Neutrophils

93
Q

What role do mast cells play in acute inflammation?

A

They release histamine and other mediators that promote vasodilation and increased permeability.

94
Q

Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the adaptive immune response during inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes

95
Q

What is the main function of eosinophils during acute inflammation?

A

To combat parasitic infections and contribute to allergic reactions.

96
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cell type is NOT typically involved in acute inflammation? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Osteocytes

A

C) Osteocytes

97
Q

What do platelets release during acute inflammation?

A

Growth factors and inflammatory mediators.

98
Q

True or False: Basophils are involved in the allergic response during acute inflammation.

A

True

99
Q

Short Answer: Name one cytokine released by macrophages during acute inflammation.

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)

100
Q

Fill in the blank: The accumulation of __________ is a hallmark of acute inflammation.

A

Exudate

101
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells in acute inflammation?

A

To present antigens to T cells and initiate the adaptive immune response.

102
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following cells is primarily involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells? A) Neutrophils B) Macrophages C) Eosinophils

A

B) Macrophages

103
Q

What is the role of chemokines in acute inflammation?

A

To attract immune cells to the site of inflammation.

104
Q

True or False: Acute inflammation is characterized by the presence of lymphocytes as the predominant cell type.

A

False

105
Q

Short Answer: What do neutrophils release to kill bacteria?

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proteolytic enzymes.

106
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which white blood cells exit the bloodstream and enter tissues during inflammation is called __________.

A

Diapedesis

107
Q

What is the primary source of prostaglandins during acute inflammation?

A

Activated macrophages and mast cells.

108
Q

Multiple Choice: Which cell type is involved in the resolution of inflammation? A) Neutrophils B) Macrophages C) Eosinophils

A

B) Macrophages

109
Q

True or False: Acute inflammation is a temporary response that can lead to healing.

A

True

110
Q

Short Answer: What is the main function of the inflammatory mediators released during acute inflammation?

A

To increase blood flow and vascular permeability.

111
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ are involved in the defense against parasites and are often elevated in allergic reactions.

A

Eosinophils

112
Q

What is the significance of the inflammatory response involving various cell types?

A

It ensures a coordinated and effective response to injury or infection.

113
Q

True or False: The presence of pus is indicative of acute inflammation.

A

True

NUR 516 (10 decks)

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