Injuries to cells Flashcards
What is cell injury?
if cells are unable to adapt then cell injury occurs.
Irreversible injury to cells causes cell death. What are the two main types of cell death?
Necrosis and apoptosis
What are the 4 main types of cell adaptation?
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Atrophy
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ. e.g. body builders
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in cell number, resulting in a larger hypertrophied organ
What is atrophy?
A shrinkage in the size of cells by loss of cell substance
What causes atrophy?
Decreased workload Reduced blood supply Inadequate nutrition Loss of hormonal stimulation Ageing
What is metaplasia?
When one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
Barrett’s oesophagus is an example of…
Metaplasia
What can cause cell injury?
Hypoxia, ischaemia, chemical exposure, infection, radiation, lack of nutrients, immunological reactions and ageing.
What is necrosis?
When damage to cell membranes allows enzymes to digest the cell. Local inflammation.
Is necrosis pathological, physiological or both?
Pathological
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death where there is irreparable damage to the cells protein/DNA or deprived of growth factors
is apoptosis pathological, physiological or both?
It is both pathological and physiological
Name 4 types of necrosis
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
