Diabetes Flashcards
What is diabetes mellitus?
A deficiency of insulin or resistance to the effects of insulin
What is diabetes insipidus?
Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone
Where is the peptide hormone insulin produced?
In the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
Why do skeletal muscles and fat cells require insulin?
So they can absorb glucose
What are some of the action of insulin?
- Uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells
- Increased glycogen synthesis
- Increased synthesis and esterification of fatty acids
- Decrease in lipolysis, proteinolysis and gyluconeogenesis
Acute consequences of insulin deficiency
Hyperglycaemia
Ketosis
Acidosis
Hyperosmolar state
Chronic consequences of insulin deficiency
CV disease
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
What is diabetes mellitus type 1
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas so the pancreas cannot produce insulin
What is diabetes mellitus type 2
Peripheral insulin resistance where the beta cell response to glucose is delayed or missing.
What is gestational diabetes?
Insulin resistance triggered by hormonal changes of pregnancy. It resolved with delivery.
Dangers of gestational diabetes to the mother
-Development of t2 diabetes mellitus
-Hypertension
Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia
-Obstructed labour
Dangers of gestational diabetes to the child
- Development of t2 diabetes mellitus
- Obesity
- Macrosomia
- Neonatal hypoglycaemia
- Neonatal jaundice
- Respiratory distress syndrome
What is ketoacidosis?
When too much ketones and acid is produced and released into bloodstream from the rapid breakdown of fat and proteins
What is hyperosmolar nonketoxic state
Severe dehydration that can lead to coma and death. Mostly in T2 diabetes mellitus
What is hypoglycaemia and how can it be caused?
Low glucose from insulin overdose which is generally accidental
