Female genital tract

Question 1

What is the smear test for?

Answer 1

View of cervix and take a sample of cells to detect early stages of diseases. Every 3-5 years.

Question 2

What is thought to be the main cause of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer?

Answer 2

HPV (human papilloma virus)

Question 3

How is the human papilloma virus transmitted?

Answer 3

Sexual contact

Question 4

what is cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia?

Answer 4

Microscopic lesion affecting the cervix and has the potential to develop into cervical cancer

Question 5

Risk factors for cervical cancer

Answer 5

HPV, smoking, not attending screenings.

Question 6

Symptoms of cervical cancer

Answer 6

Abnormal discharge and bleeding

Question 7

what are endocervical polyps

Answer 7

Small elongated tumours in the cervix. Usually presents with irregular vaginal bleeding/spotting

Question 8

What is menorrhagia?

Answer 8

Heavy periods

Question 9

Causes of menorrhagia

Answer 9

DUB
Fibroids
Endometriosis
Polyps

Question 10

Treatments for menorrhagia

Answer 10

Mirena coil
Mefanamic and tranexamic acid
Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill
Hysterectomy

Question 11

What are fibroids?

Answer 11

Common benign tumours that arise from the myometrium.

Question 12

Symptoms of fibroids

Answer 12

Heavy/painful periods, pelvic pain or distension

Question 13

What is endometriosis?

Answer 13

When the endometrial tissue is in the wrong place e.g. outside the endometrium

Question 14

Presentations of endometriosis

Answer 14

Heavy/painful periods
Pelvic pain
Painful sex

Question 15

Treatments for endometriosis

Answer 15

Combined oral contraceptive pill
Mirena coil
Zoladex
Surgery

Question 16

What are endometrial polyps

Answer 16

Benign growths from endometrial cavity

Question 17

What is endometrial cancer?

Answer 17

Cancer of the lining of the uterus

Question 18

Endometrial carcinoma presentations and treatments

Answer 18

Usually presents as post-menopausal bleeding- early stage. Treatment is usually a hysterectomy

Question 19

Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma

Answer 19

Obesity and oestrogen exposure

Question 20

What are follicular ovarian cysts?

Answer 20

Benign cysts on follicles very common and often no treatment needed

Question 21

What are cystadenomas?

Answer 21

Large fluid filled cysts on ovaries. Pressure effect symptoms

Question 22

What are benign mature teratomas?

Answer 22

Large cysts on the ovaries filled with a solid substance

Question 23

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Answer 23

Common condition where there are multiple cysts on the ovaries.

Question 24

Presentations of polycystic ovarian syndrome

Answer 24

Irregular periods, no periods, infertility

Question 25

Treatments for polycystic ovaries

Answer 25

Combined oral contraceptives
Metformin
Clomifene

Question 26

What percentage of pregnancies result in a miscarriage?

Answer 26

15%

Question 27

Risk factors for miscarriage

Answer 27

Age, multiple pregnancies, smoking, alcohol, connective tissue disorders and diabetes

Question 28

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 28

An extra uterine pregnancy that is usually in the fallopian tubes. 1% of all pregnancies.

Question 29

Treatment for ectopic pregnancies

Answer 29

Surgery