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inheritance variatin Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for specific characteristics

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2
Q

what is DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

a polynucleotide made up of pairs of bases

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3
Q

chromosome

A

DNA that has been tightly wound into an individual structure

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4
Q

nuclues

A

the place in the cell that contains the genetic information

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5
Q

haploid

A

half the genetic information

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6
Q

diploid

A

full set of genetic information

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7
Q

genome

A

all the genes on all of the chromosomes of an organism

includes all the genes that carry all the genetic information to making all the proteins needed by the organism

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8
Q

cf

A

excess mucus

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9
Q

polydactyly

A

extra toes or fingers

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10
Q

hunntingtons

A

nerve cell in the brain degenarates

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11
Q

embryo screening

A

genaral testing for disorders in a fetus

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12
Q

pre implantation genetics

A

only healthy embryos are placed into the uterus of the mother the others are discarded

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13
Q

genotype

A

the alleles the person has

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14
Q

phenotype

A

the characteristics displayed by the alleles

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15
Q

dominant

A

stronger allele

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16
Q

recessive

A

weaker allele

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17
Q

homozygous

A

both alleles are the same

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18
Q

heterozygous

A

one dominant and one ressive allele

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19
Q

allele

A

an alternative copy of a gene

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20
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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21
Q

how does sexual reproduction happen

A

the two gametes(egg and sperm) fertilize to create a zygote and then forms a embryo

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22
Q

how does asexual reproduction work

A

get genes from one parent cell where it splits to give identical genes

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23
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have each

A

23 from mother and father

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24
Q

steps of meiosis

A

1) parent cell contains it’s genetic information
2) in the first division the chromosomes pair up in their matching pairs and cross over and line up along the center
3) the pairs split
4) two new cells are produced a new nucleus membrane forms
5) the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
6) chromosomes split and go to opposite poles
7) 4 haploid cells are formed

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25
Q

what does crossing over do

A

leads to genetic variation

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26
Q

number of daughter cells of meiosis

A

4

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27
Q

number of chromosomes in daughter cells

A

23

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28
Q

where does meiosis accure

A

sex organs

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29
Q

why is meiosis important

A

to produce sex cells

30
Q

aims of the genome project

A

work out number of genes in a human
improve DNA sequencing
order of base pairs

31
Q

why scientists carried out the genome

A

help understand disorders
understand human evolution
family trees
repairing faulty genes

32
Q

positives of screening

A

no genetic disorders
better life
stop disorders spreading to other family members

33
Q

negatives of screening

A

multiple births
potential miscarriage
discomfort
playing god

34
Q

embryo screening for cf

A

embryos are tested to see if they contain the alleles for cf

only dominant embryos are kept

35
Q

what allele do you need to inherit cf

A

by a recessive allele

36
Q

what allele do you need to inherit polydactyle

A

dominant allele

37
Q

what allele do you need for huntingtons

A

dominant allele

38
Q

what do male gametes contain

A

X or Y

39
Q

what gene decides on the sex

A

SRY triggers the human embryo to develop into a male or female

40
Q

what is a species

A

a group of similar organisms that can reproduce to give fertile offspring

41
Q

whats are mutations

A

changes to a sequence of bases in DNA

42
Q

what is the phenotype

A

visible characteristics of an organism

43
Q

what is the theory of evolution

A

all of today species have evolved from simple life forms that first started to develop hundreds of years ago

44
Q

how evolution works

A 
show wide variation in characteristics
most suitable would survive
reproduce and pass on genes
organisms less adapted would die
over time beneficial characteristics become common
45
Q

factors that lead to extinction

A

environment changes
predator
disease
event

46
Q

what is selective breeding

A

humans artifically select the plants or animals that are goning to bread so that the gene for a particular characteristic remains

47
Q

how selective breading works

A

select the right ones
breed
select best offspring
continue over generations

48
Q

Drawbacks of selective breading

A

reduces gene pool and interbreading can cause health problems

as there is not much variation disease can kill most of the species

49
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

transfer a gene responsible for a desirable characteristics from one organism to another

50
Q

how genetic engineering works

A

gene is isolated using enzymes
inserted inrto vector
gene is inserted into cells

51
Q

pros of GM

A

increase yeild
contain the nutrients
no problems

52
Q

negs of GM

A

human health
herbicide resistance
effect other species

53
Q

what are fossils

A

remains of organisms from many years ago

54
Q

what is speciation

A

development of a new species when same species can not bread to produce fertile offspring

55
Q

how speciation works

A

population shows genetic variation
they are split by a barrier
adapt to new environment
individuals with better characteristics have better chance of survival
alleles that control these characteristics are more likely to pass on
soon the allels will be different and the species can not produce fertile offspring

56
Q

what did alfred wallace help discover

A

speciation and natural selection

57
Q

how do bacteria evolve

A

develop mutations in DNA lead to resistance as gene becomes common
bacteria reproduce rapidly
bacteria can survive even in a host and so it live longer
there is no treatment

58
Q

why are antibiotic resistant becoming common

A

overuse
antibiotics
rate of development is too slow

59
Q

what is carl linnaeus classification

A 
group living things according to their characteristics and the structure that makes them up
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
60
Q

what is the new classification

A

tree domain system
ARCHAEA(prokaryotic cells in extreme places)
BACTERIA
EUKARYOTA(fungi, plants, animals)

61
Q

how does animal naming work

A

two part Latin name
first part genus
second part species

62
Q

What chromosomes do females have

A

2 X chromosomes

63
Q

What is meiosis

A

1) duplicate genetic information by crossing over
2) chromosome pairs line up in the middle
3) pairs are pulled apart so each cell has one copie
4) chromosomes line up in middle and arms pull them apart
5) four gametes

64
Q

How are proteins synthesised

A

1) template of dna made in nucleus
2) template attaches to ribosome
3) carrier molecules bring amino acids to template
4) carrier molecules return to cytoplasm
5) amino acids bond to template following instructions from dna
6) amino acids bond together and form proteins
7) protein detaches
8) folds to form enzyme

65
Q

What are genes

A

A section of dna that codes for a sequence of amino acids

66
Q

What is Lanark’s theory

A

Changes that an organism acquires during its lifetime will be passed on to its offspring

67
Q

How embryo cloning works

A

Fertilise egg cell and embryo is then split

Embryos then implanted into many mothers

68
Q

How adult cell cloning works

A

Unfertilised egg cell and removing from nucleus
Nucleus removed from adult cell and inserted into empty cell
Mild shock
Implanted into womb

69
Q

What do mutations do to the DNA sequence

A

Change the sequence of the dna bases in a gene and this can lead to changes in the protein

70
Q

What are insertions

A

New base is inserted so changes the way the 3 bases are read

71
Q

What are deletions

A

Random base is deleted

72
Q

What are substitutions

A

Random base in the DNA sequence is changed

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