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Science Biology > ecology > Flashcards

ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a habitat

A

the place where the organism lives

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2
Q

what is population

A

all the organisms of one species living in a habitat

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3
Q

what is a community

A

the population of different species living in a habitat

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4
Q

what are abiotic factors and examples

A

non living factors

moisture, light intensity, temp, carbon dioxide, wind

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5
Q

what are biotic factors and examples

A

living factors

predators, competition, pathogens, food

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6
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

interaction of a community of living organisms with the non living

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7
Q

what do plants fight for

A

light space water

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8
Q

what do animals fight for

A

space water food

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9
Q

what is interdependence

A

species depends on other species

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10
Q

what are structural adaptations

A

features of an organisms body structure

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11
Q

what are behavioural adaptations

A

the way organisms behave

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12
Q

what are functional adaptations

A

things that go on inside an organisms body

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13
Q

what are extrmophiles

A

organisms adapted to live in extreme conditions

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14
Q

what is biomass

A

mass of living material

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15
Q

what happens as animals eat animals

A

energy is transferred as animals eat each other

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16
Q

what happens as population of prey increases

A

so will predators

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17
Q

what happens as population of predators increase

A

prey decreases

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18
Q

why are predator-prey cycles out of phase

A

it takes a while for the populations to react

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19
Q

what is animal distribution

A

where they live

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20
Q

what are seasonal factors

A

presence of variations that occur at regular time intervals less than a year

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21
Q

what are geographical factors

A

physical and biological factors tied to geographic location

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22
Q

name the 3 factors that cause distribution to change

A

availability of water
temp
atmospheric gases

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23
Q

steps to water cycle

A

1) energy from sun makes water evaporate (transpiration)
2) water vapour condenses and falls as precipitation
3) drained back to sea

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24
Q

what are are living things made off

A

material they take from the world

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25
Q

what does decay do

A

puts the nutrients back into the soil

26
Q

carbon cycle

A

1) CO2 removed by green plants from photosynthesis
2) plants respire so carbon is returned
3) eaten by animals so carbon becomes part of them
4) animals respire
5) when they die decomposes eat them and then respire
6) animals produce waste
7) combustion releases CO2

27
Q

what is compost

A

decomposed organic mattter

28
Q

how does temp effect rate of decay

A

warmer makes rate faster as enzymes prefer condition

however if too warm the enzymes become denatured

29
Q

how does oxygen effect rate of decay

A

rate of respiration

30
Q

how does water effect rate of decay

A

faster in moist as they need water to carry out biological processes

31
Q

what is biogas and how is it made

A

made of methane

microbes decay plant and animals anaerobically

32
Q

how does batch generators work

A

biogas in small batches
manually loaded
by-products cleared away

33
Q

how does continuous generators work

A

bio gas large scale
continuously feed in
steady rate

34
Q

what is biodiversity

A

variety of different species

35
Q

types of waste

  • water
  • land
  • air
A

sewage and toxic
toxic chemicals and nuclear
smoke, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide

36
Q

how global warming works

A

gases in atmosphere absorb energy from the sun and re-radiate it in all directions

37
Q

consequences of global warming

A 
ice melt
flooding
distribution
changes in migration
biodiversity reduced
38
Q

why is deforestation meaning less carbon dioxide is taken in

A

amount removed during photosynthesis is reduced

trees lock carbon dioxide

39
Q

why is deforestation meaning more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

A

released when trees are burnt

decomposes feeding on wood release carbon dioxide

40
Q

why is there less biodiversity because of deforestation

A

destroy habitats

41
Q

why does destroying bogs produce more carbon dioxide

A

plants don’t decay fully meaning rotten plants build up to form peats
when it is drained for farmland microorganisms decompose it and respire and release CO2

42
Q

what are bogs

A

areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged

43
Q

ways to maintain ecosystems

A

breeding programs

protect and regenerate rare habitats

reintroduce field margins(areas of land around the fields where wild plants grow)

regulations to reduce deforestation

44
Q

why is it hard to persuade people to maintain ecosystems

A

cost (pay people/programs/saving money)

cost of livelihood (jobs/money)

protecting food security (pests/protect crops)

development is important

45
Q

what are trophic levels

A

different stages of a food chain (consist of one or more organisms that perform a specific role)

46
Q

what are decomposes

A

break down remains and waste by using enzymes that break it down

47
Q

how do you calculate efficiency of biomass transfer

A

biomass transferred to next level / biomass available at previous * 100

48
Q

why is not much biomass transferred from one tropic level to the next

A

they don’t eat everything

don’t absorb all the stuff they ingest

converted into waste (glucose used to provide energy for movement but produce waste like CO2)

49
Q

what happens as you go up the food chain

A

less biomass

50
Q

what does a pyramid of biomass show

A

relative mass of living material at each trophic level

51
Q

factors that effect food security

A 
pests
war
weather
increase in birth rate
decrease in death rate
52
Q

what is efficient in terms of food security

A

as much energy as possible makes it to the customer. the longer the food chain the ore energy is wasted

53
Q

how can you make food production effective

A

sharing small spaces reduces energy lost through movement

keep environment warm so no extra respiration and the animals can use it for growth

given protein

54
Q

issues of batch farming

A

unethical
disease
unnatural
changes behavior

55
Q

why are fish running out

A

over fishing
better tech
getting huge quantities of food

56
Q

what can we do to maintain fish stocks

A

controlling size of nets

ban fishing in breeding season

57
Q

what is Mycoprotein and how is it made

A

high protein meat substitute made of bacteria

made from Fusarium which is grown in aerobic conditions on glucose syrup

58
Q

how do you make human insulin

A

1) Plasmid is removed from bacteria
2) insulin gene cut out chromosome using enzyme (enzyme recognize specific sequence of DNA, cuts out one of the strands leaving an unpaired bases)
3) Plasmid cut open
4) mixed
5) Ligase added (joins the sticky ends)
6) inserted back into bacteria
7) grow in a vat

59
Q

advantages of GM crops

A

resistant
grow better
provide more nutritional value

60
Q

disadvantages of GM crops

A

tackle poverty first
dependent on GM seeds
poor soil

Science Biology (9 decks)

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