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Science Biology > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are eukaryotic cells

A

are complex and include all animal and plant cells

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2
Q

what are prokaryotic cells

A

are smaller and simpler

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3
Q

What is the Nucleus

A

contains all genetic material

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4
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

what is the cell mebrane

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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6
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration takes place

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7
Q

what are the ribosomes

A

proteins are made in the cell

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8
Q

what is in an animal cell

A 
Nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
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9
Q

what is a cell wall

A

supports the cell

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10
Q

what is the vacuole

A

cell sap that feeds the plant

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11
Q

what are the chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis occurs, contain chlorophyll which absorbs the light

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12
Q

what is in a plant cell

A 
Nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts
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13
Q

whats in a bacterial cell

A 
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
plasmids
single circular strand of DNA
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14
Q

magnification =

A

image size / real size

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15
Q

what are microscopes

A

let us see things that we can’t see with the naked eye

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16
Q

how do light microscopes work

A

use light and lenses to form an image and magnify it

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17
Q

how do electron microscopes work

A

use electrons, they have a higher magnification

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18
Q

why are electron microscopes better

A

higher resolution, see smaller things, internal structure

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19
Q

what is differentiation

A

a cell changes to become specialized for its job

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20
Q

what is the job of a sperm cell

A

get the male DNA to the female DNA

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21
Q

features of a sperm cell

A

long tail, streamline, mitochondria provide energy, enzymes in the head

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22
Q

what is the job of a nerve cell

A

carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

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23
Q

features of a nerve cell

A

long, branched connections

24
Q

what is the job of a muscle cell

A

function is to contract quickly

25
Q

features of a muscle cell

A

long, mitochondria to generate energy

26
Q

what is the job of root hair cells

A

absorbing water and minerals

27
Q

features of the root hair cell

A

long hairs, big surface area

28
Q

what is the job of phloem and xylem cells

A

transport substances such as food and water around the plant

29
Q

features of the phloem and xylem cells

A

hollow, few sub-cellular structures

30
Q

why mitosis happens

A

to grow or replace cells that have been damaged

31
Q

steps of mitosis

A

1) duplicates DNA
2) DNA is copied and forms x-shaped chromosomes
3) chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them to each pole
4) membranes form
5) cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

32
Q

steps of binary fission

A

1) circular DNA and plasmids repicate
2) strands move to opposite poles
3) cytoplasm begins to divide
4) cytoplasm divides and two new daughter cells form
5) one copie of DNA different variations of plasmids

33
Q

mean division time to find number of bacteria

A

convert times to the same unit
find the divisions
multiply 2 by the divisions

34
Q

what are stem cells

A

divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into different types of cell

35
Q

embryonic stem cell

A

human embryos that can turn into any cell

36
Q

adult stem cells

A

found in bone marrow and can only turn into certain cells

37
Q

risks of stem cells

A

contamination

38
Q

why are people against stem cell research

A

potential human life
banned
should concentrate on other sources

39
Q

why are people for stem cells

A

saves life

are unwanted anyway

40
Q

stem cells in plants

A

found in meristems
used to grow rare species
identical plants

41
Q

what is diffusion

A

spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

42
Q

what is ossmossis

A

movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a lower water concentration

43
Q

what makes diffusion faster

A

concentration gradient, higher temp

44
Q

what is active transport

A

substances being absorbed against a concentration gradient using energy

45
Q

active transport in root hair cells

A

concentration of minerals is usually higher in the root hair cell than the soil. So active transport happens, However it needs energy from respiration

46
Q

active transport in the gut

A

when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood.
active transport allows glucose to be taken in and transported to other cells

47
Q

how to tell how easy it is for a organism to exchange substances

A

Surface area : Volume

48
Q

why multi-cellular organisms need exchange surfaces

A

have smaller SA to V so not enough substances can diffuse to supply there volume

49
Q

how are exchange surfaces adapted

A

thin membrane
large surface area
blood vessels
ventilated

50
Q

main job of the lungs

A

transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide

51
Q

gas exchange in the lungs(alveoli)

A

enormous surface area
moist lining
thin walls
good blood supply

52
Q

gas exchange in the small intestine(villi)

A

surface area
single layer
blood supply

53
Q

exchange surface (stomata)

A

oxygen and water vapor diffuse out

stomata are controlled by guard cell that close if the stomata loses too much water

54
Q

other features that help the leaf exchange

A

flattened leaf

air spaces inside the leaf

55
Q

gas exchange in fish (gills)

A

-water enters the fish and passes through the gills
as this happens oxygen diffuses from the water into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to the water

  • gill filaments ( surface area )
  • lamellae ( blood capillaries, thin surface area )

concentration of oxygen in the water is always higher than in the blood

Science Biology (9 decks)

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