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cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are eukaryotic cells

A

are complex and include all animal and plant cells

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2
Q

what are prokaryotic cells

A

are smaller and simpler

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3
Q

What is the Nucleus

A

contains all genetic material

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4
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

what is the cell mebrane

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

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6
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration takes place

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7
Q

what are the ribosomes

A

proteins are made in the cell

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8
Q

what is in an animal cell

A 
Nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
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9
Q

what is a cell wall

A

supports the cell

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10
Q

what is the vacuole

A

cell sap that feeds the plant

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11
Q

what are the chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis occurs, contain chlorophyll which absorbs the light

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12
Q

what is in a plant cell

A 
Nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts
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13
Q

whats in a bacterial cell

A 
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
plasmids
single circular strand of DNA
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14
Q

magnification =

A

image size / real size

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15
Q

what are microscopes

A

let us see things that we can’t see with the naked eye

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16
Q

how do light microscopes work

A

use light and lenses to form an image and magnify it

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17
Q

how do electron microscopes work

A

use electrons, they have a higher magnification

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18
Q

why are electron microscopes better

A

higher resolution, see smaller things, internal structure

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19
Q

what is differentiation

A

a cell changes to become specialized for its job

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20
Q

what is the job of a sperm cell

A

get the male DNA to the female DNA

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21
Q

features of a sperm cell

A

long tail, streamline, mitochondria provide energy, enzymes in the head

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22
Q

what is the job of a nerve cell

A

carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

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23
Q

features of a nerve cell

A

long, branched connections

24
Q

what is the job of a muscle cell

A

function is to contract quickly

25
features of a muscle cell
long, mitochondria to generate energy
26
what is the job of root hair cells
absorbing water and minerals
27
features of the root hair cell
long hairs, big surface area
28
what is the job of phloem and xylem cells
transport substances such as food and water around the plant
29
features of the phloem and xylem cells
hollow, few sub-cellular structures
30
why mitosis happens
to grow or replace cells that have been damaged
31
steps of mitosis
1) duplicates DNA 2) DNA is copied and forms x-shaped chromosomes 3) chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them to each pole 4) membranes form 5) cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
32
steps of binary fission
1) circular DNA and plasmids repicate 2) strands move to opposite poles 3) cytoplasm begins to divide 4) cytoplasm divides and two new daughter cells form 5) one copie of DNA different variations of plasmids
33
mean division time to find number of bacteria
convert times to the same unit find the divisions multiply 2 by the divisions
34
what are stem cells
divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into different types of cell
35
embryonic stem cell
human embryos that can turn into any cell
36
adult stem cells
found in bone marrow and can only turn into certain cells
37
risks of stem cells
contamination
38
why are people against stem cell research
potential human life banned should concentrate on other sources
39
why are people for stem cells
saves life | are unwanted anyway
40
stem cells in plants
found in meristems used to grow rare species identical plants
41
what is diffusion
spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
42
what is ossmossis
movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a lower water concentration
43
what makes diffusion faster
concentration gradient, higher temp
44
what is active transport
substances being absorbed against a concentration gradient using energy
45
active transport in root hair cells
concentration of minerals is usually higher in the root hair cell than the soil. So active transport happens, However it needs energy from respiration
46
active transport in the gut
when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood. active transport allows glucose to be taken in and transported to other cells
47
how to tell how easy it is for a organism to exchange substances
Surface area : Volume
48
why multi-cellular organisms need exchange surfaces
have smaller SA to V so not enough substances can diffuse to supply there volume
49
how are exchange surfaces adapted
thin membrane large surface area blood vessels ventilated
50
main job of the lungs
transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide
51
gas exchange in the lungs(alveoli)
enormous surface area moist lining thin walls good blood supply
52
gas exchange in the small intestine(villi)
surface area single layer blood supply
53
exchange surface (stomata)
oxygen and water vapor diffuse out | stomata are controlled by guard cell that close if the stomata loses too much water
54
other features that help the leaf exchange
flattened leaf | air spaces inside the leaf
55
gas exchange in fish (gills)
-water enters the fish and passes through the gills as this happens oxygen diffuses from the water into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to the water - gill filaments ( surface area ) - lamellae ( blood capillaries, thin surface area ) concentration of oxygen in the water is always higher than in the blood

Science Biology (9 decks)

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