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Science Biology > homeostasis and response > Flashcards

homeostasis and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

is all about the regulation of the conditions inside your body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changes in both internal and external conditions

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2
Q

what is negative feedback

A

when the level of something gets too high or too low your body uses negative feedback to bring it back to normal

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3
Q

the process of negative feedback

A

1) receptor detects a stimulus
2) the coordination centre recives and processes the information
3) effector produces a response witch counteracts the change

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4
Q

what the effectors do after the change

A

will carry on the response for as long as stimulated by coordination centre, the receptor detects this and negative feedback is back on

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5
Q

central nerous system

A

i vertebrates this consits of the brain and spinal cord only.
in mammals it is connecte3d to the body by sensory neurons and motor neurons
is a coordination centre

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6
Q

sensory neurons

A

the neurons that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the cns

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7
Q

motor neuron

A

the neurons that carry electrical impulses from the cns to the effector

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8
Q

receptors

A

are the cells that detect stimuli

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9
Q

effectors

A

respond to nervous impulses and bring about a change

mussels and glands are effectors

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10
Q

reflexes

A

are rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that dont involve the conscouios part of the brain

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11
Q

how the reflex arc works

A

1) when a stimulus is detected be the receptors impulses are sent along sensory neurone to a relay neurone
2) when the impulse reaches the synapse they trigger chemicals to be re;easesd these chemicals cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone
3) the impulses travel along the motor neurone to the effector
4) the muscle then contracts and moves your hand away from the bee

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12
Q

the brain

A

made up of billions of interconnected neurons and is in charge of our complex behaviors

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13
Q

optic nerve

A

carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

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14
Q

what is the thermoregulatory centre

A

contains receptors that are sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the blood

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15
Q

what happens when there is a change in temperature

A

1)temperature receptors detect that the body is too cold or hot
2)thermoregulatory centre acts as a coordination centre
it receives the information and triggers the effectors
3)effectors produce a response

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16
Q

what happens when youre hot

A

sweat is produced

blood vessels dilate so more blood goes to your skin this is called vasodilation

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17
Q

what happens when youre cold

A

hairs stand up

blood vessels supplying the skin constrict this is called vasoconstriction

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18
Q

how do neurons go between synapses

A

1) electrical impulse travels along an axon
2) triggers chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
3) chemicals diffuse across synapses and bind with the receptor molecules on the mebrane of the next neuron
4) the second neuron then transmits an eectrical impulse

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19
Q

What is vascodilation

A

Blood vessels dilating

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20
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels constrict

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21
Q

how the CNS coordinates the response in negative feedback

bird example

A

1) bird spots cat and the receptors in the eye is simulated
2) sensory neurons carry’s the information to the CNS and it decides what to do
3) CNS sends information to the effectors via the motor neurons
4) muscles contract and bird fly’s away

22
Q

what are synapses

A

connection between two neurons

23
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

responsible for muscle coordination

24
Q

what does the medulla do

A

controls unconscious activities

25
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do

A

responsible for conscious activities like language and memory

26
Q

how can you find out about the brain with a patient with brain damage

A

can find out what the damage part of the brain does

27
Q

how can you find out about the brain by electrically stimulating it

A

observing what the stimulation does to the brain give us an idea of what that part does

28
Q

how can you find out about the brain using an MIR

A

detailed image of the brain and finds out what areas are active during an activities

29
Q

consequences of these tests

A

compex
carries risk like physical damage
brain function

30
Q

what is the cornea

A

light is first bent through here

31
Q

what is the iris

A

ring of muscle that controls how much light into your eye by controlling the pupil size

32
Q

what is the lens

A

focuses light onto the retina

33
Q

what is the pupil

A

hole where light enters

34
Q

what are the ciliary muscles

A

stretch the lens

35
Q

what is the retina

A

where light is detected

36
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

takes signals to the brain

37
Q

what is the suspensory ligament

A

holds the lens in place

38
Q

what happens to your eye in dim light

A

radial muscles of iris contract
circular muscles relaxe
Dilated pupils

39
Q

what happens to your eye in bright light

A

radial muscles of iris relax
circular muscles contract
contracted pupil

40
Q

what happens to your eye when looking at near objects

A

ciliary muscles contract and slackens suspensory ligaments

lens becomes fat to increase the amount by which it refracts light

41
Q

what happens to your eye when looking at far objects

A

cilliary muscles relax and suspensory ligaments pull tight

lens becomes thin and refracts light less

42
Q

why are some people long sighted

A

lens does not refract light enough and the images of near objects are in focus behind the retina

43
Q

how glasses correct long farsightedness

A

convex lens refracts light so the light rays are now in focus

44
Q

why are some people short sighted

A

lens refracts light too much and focuses in front of the retina

45
Q

how glasses correct shortsightedness

A

concave lens so the rays are focused on retina

46
Q

how contact lenses work

A

thin lenses that sit on the surface of the eye

47
Q

positives of contact lenses

A

light wight
convenient for sport
soft lenses more comfortable

48
Q

negatives of contact lenses

A

risk of infection

49
Q

how laser eye surgery works

A

vaporize tissue changing the shape of the cornea

slimming it down makes it less powerful and improves shortsightedness

50
Q

negatives of laser eye surgery

A

risk

51
Q

how replacement lens surgery work

A

replace the lens and put artificial lens in

52
Q

negatives of replacement lens surgery

A

higher risk than laser surgery

Science Biology (9 decks)

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