Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Science Biology > infection and response > Flashcards

infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

what are pathogens

A

are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are bacteria

A

very small cells which can reproduce rapidly in the body. They make you ill by producing toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are viruses

A

viruses are not cells but like bacteria can reproduce rapidly and burst to release there toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are protists

A

are single celled organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are parasites

A

live on other organisms and can cause them damage. They are often transferred by a vector.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are fungi

A

a body that is made up of hyphae. These grow and penetrate skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how are pathogens spread by water

A

picked up by drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are pathogens spread by air

A

breathed in , some are caused by droplets in the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are pathogens spread by direct contact

A

touching contaminated surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what causes salmonella

A

bacteria that causes food poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are the symptoms of salmonella caused

A

toxins that the bacteria produce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is salmonella being reduced

A

poultry is given vaccinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes gonorrhoea

A

bacterial sexually transmitted disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

pain when urinating, yellow discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prevention of gonorrhoea

A

antibiotics called penicillin, barrier conception methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does being hygienic stop spread

A

washing hands with soap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does destroying vectors stop spread

A

stop it from spreading, use insecticide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does isolating individuals stop spread

A

prevents passing on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does vaccination stop spread

A

can’t develop the infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are vaccinations

steps

A

1) involve injecting small amounts of dead pathogens
2) carry antigens which cause the body to produce antibodies
3) when the live pathogen enters the white blood cells can rapidly produce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pros of vaccinations

A

control communicable diseases, epidemics can be prevented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cons of vaccinations

A

don’t always work, bad reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how are measles spread

A

viral disease spread by droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
symptoms of measles
red rash, fever
26
prevention of measles
vaccinations
27
how is HIV spread
sexual contact or bodily fluids
28
symptoms of HIV
flu like symptoms
29
prevention of HIV
antiviral drugs
30
life of HIV
if the immune system is badly damaged it can not cope and the virus is called Aids
31
what is tobacco mosaic virus
a virus that affects many species of plant by causing a mosaic pattern on the leaf
32
symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus
discolored leaves, can't carry out photosynthesis
33
what is rose black spot and how does it spread
a fungus that causes purple or black spots
34
symptoms of rose black spot
purple or black spots, yellow and drop of, less photosynthesis can happen
35
prevention of rose black spot
fungicides, stripping the plant
36
how is malaria caused
by a protist that uses a vector
37
symptoms of malaria
fever
38
prevention of malaria
stopping mosquitoes, insecticide, nets
39
how is the skin a barrier
secretes abtimicrobial substances
40
how are hairs and mucus barriers
trap particles
41
how is the stomach a defence
secrete mucus, lined with cilia
42
how is the trachea and bronchi defences
produces hydrochloric acid
43
how white blood cells consume pathogens
phagocytes engulf them
44
how white blood cells produce antibodies
1) produce antibodies that lock onto individual cells so they can be found by the white blood cells 2) they produce rapidly and if they are infected again the white blood cells no what to do
45
how white blood cells produce antitoxins
contract toxins produced by invading bacteria
46
what are pain killers
drugs that relieve pain but don't tackle the cause
47
what are antibiotics
actually kill the bacteria without killing your cells. | Antibiotics don't kill viruses they reproduce in the healthy cells
48
how do bacteria become resistant
1) mutate 2) when you treat the infection only non resistant are killed and the resistance survive and reproduce 3) can't be treated by antibiotics
49
how do we slow down the rate of resistance
avoid over prescribing, finish them and don't stop
50
where is aspirin found and what is it used as
willow, painkiller
51
where are digitalis found and what are they used as
foxgloves,treat heart conditions
52
how was penicillin found
Alexander Fleming was clearing out some petri dishes and noticed one of the dishes had mold but around the mold it was free of bacteria.
53
why are nitrates needed for plants
make protein and provide growth, stunted growth
54
why are magnesium ions needed for plants
make chlorophyll, yellow leaves
55
symptoms of infected plants
``` stunted growth spots malformed decay discoloured ```
56
physical defenses of plants
waxy cuticle cell walls layer of dead cells bark
57
chemical defenses of plants
produce toxins
58
mechanical defenses of plants
``` thorns hairs mimic other animals leaves that drop eggs ```
59
steps of developing drugs
1) tested on human cells 2) test on live animals for efficacy and find the best dosage. It must be tested on two animals 3) tested on humans - first on healthy volunteers to see if it has any harmful effects at a low dose - people suffering to find optimum dose and the most effective with few side effects - one group placed on placebo to test placebo effect - some trials are blind and others double blind - peer review
60
how are monoclonal antibodies made
1) fuse a mouse lymphocyte with a tumer cell to create a hybridoma 2) these get cloned to get lots of indentical cells 3) The antibodies are collected and purified
61
what are monoclonal antibodies
produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell. All antibodies are identical and target one specific cell
62
how does a pregnancy test work
1) HCG is found in the urine when they are pregnant 2) if you are pregnant the hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads, the urine moves up the stick, the beads and hormone bind to the antibodies turning it blue 3) if not pregnant theirs nothing to stick
63
problems of monoclonal antibodies
more side effects so not as widely used
64
how monoclonal antibodies treat disease
cancer cells have antigens on their membrane as tumour markers cancer drug is attached to monoclonal antibodies and given to patient through drip kills pathogen but not healthy cells
65
three ways to find specific substances using monoclonal antibodies
1) bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure there levels 2) test blood samples for certain pathogens 3) locate specific molecules on a cell
66
how are sustances found using monoclonal antibodies
1) monoclonal antibodies are bound to a dye | 2) monoclonal antibodies attach to substance

Science Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions