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infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

what are pathogens

A

are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

what are bacteria

A

very small cells which can reproduce rapidly in the body. They make you ill by producing toxins

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3
Q

what are viruses

A

viruses are not cells but like bacteria can reproduce rapidly and burst to release there toxins

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4
Q

what are protists

A

are single celled organisms

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5
Q

what are parasites

A

live on other organisms and can cause them damage. They are often transferred by a vector.

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6
Q

what are fungi

A

a body that is made up of hyphae. These grow and penetrate skin

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7
Q

how are pathogens spread by water

A

picked up by drinking

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8
Q

how are pathogens spread by air

A

breathed in , some are caused by droplets in the air

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9
Q

how are pathogens spread by direct contact

A

touching contaminated surfaces

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10
Q

what causes salmonella

A

bacteria that causes food poisoning

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11
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

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12
Q

how are the symptoms of salmonella caused

A

toxins that the bacteria produce

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13
Q

how is salmonella being reduced

A

poultry is given vaccinations

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14
Q

what causes gonorrhoea

A

bacterial sexually transmitted disease

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15
Q

symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

pain when urinating, yellow discharge

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16
Q

prevention of gonorrhoea

A

antibiotics called penicillin, barrier conception methods

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17
Q

how does being hygienic stop spread

A

washing hands with soap

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18
Q

how does destroying vectors stop spread

A

stop it from spreading, use insecticide

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19
Q

how does isolating individuals stop spread

A

prevents passing on

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20
Q

how does vaccination stop spread

A

can’t develop the infection

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21
Q

what are vaccinations

steps

A

1) involve injecting small amounts of dead pathogens
2) carry antigens which cause the body to produce antibodies
3) when the live pathogen enters the white blood cells can rapidly produce

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22
Q

pros of vaccinations

A

control communicable diseases, epidemics can be prevented

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23
Q

cons of vaccinations

A

don’t always work, bad reaction

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24
Q

how are measles spread

A

viral disease spread by droplets

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25
Q

symptoms of measles

A

red rash, fever

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26
Q

prevention of measles

A

vaccinations

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27
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sexual contact or bodily fluids

28
Q

symptoms of HIV

A

flu like symptoms

29
Q

prevention of HIV

A

antiviral drugs

30
Q

life of HIV

A

if the immune system is badly damaged it can not cope and the virus is called Aids

31
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

a virus that affects many species of plant by causing a mosaic pattern on the leaf

32
Q

symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus

A

discolored leaves, can’t carry out photosynthesis

33
Q

what is rose black spot and how does it spread

A

a fungus that causes purple or black spots

34
Q

symptoms of rose black spot

A

purple or black spots, yellow and drop of, less photosynthesis can happen

35
Q

prevention of rose black spot

A

fungicides, stripping the plant

36
Q

how is malaria caused

A

by a protist that uses a vector

37
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

fever

38
Q

prevention of malaria

A

stopping mosquitoes, insecticide, nets

39
Q

how is the skin a barrier

A

secretes abtimicrobial substances

40
Q

how are hairs and mucus barriers

A

trap particles

41
Q

how is the stomach a defence

A

secrete mucus, lined with cilia

42
Q

how is the trachea and bronchi defences

A

produces hydrochloric acid

43
Q

how white blood cells consume pathogens

A

phagocytes engulf them

44
Q

how white blood cells produce antibodies

A

1) produce antibodies that lock onto individual cells so they can be found by the white blood cells
2) they produce rapidly and if they are infected again the white blood cells no what to do

45
Q

how white blood cells produce antitoxins

A

contract toxins produced by invading bacteria

46
Q

what are pain killers

A

drugs that relieve pain but don’t tackle the cause

47
Q

what are antibiotics

A

actually kill the bacteria without killing your cells.

Antibiotics don’t kill viruses they reproduce in the healthy cells

48
Q

how do bacteria become resistant

A

1) mutate
2) when you treat the infection only non resistant are killed and the resistance survive and reproduce
3) can’t be treated by antibiotics

49
Q

how do we slow down the rate of resistance

A

avoid over prescribing, finish them and don’t stop

50
Q

where is aspirin found and what is it used as

A

willow, painkiller

51
Q

where are digitalis found and what are they used as

A

foxgloves,treat heart conditions

52
Q

how was penicillin found

A

Alexander Fleming was clearing out some petri dishes and noticed one of the dishes had mold but around the mold it was free of bacteria.

53
Q

why are nitrates needed for plants

A

make protein and provide growth, stunted growth

54
Q

why are magnesium ions needed for plants

A

make chlorophyll, yellow leaves

55
Q

symptoms of infected plants

A 
stunted growth
spots
malformed
decay
discoloured
56
Q

physical defenses of plants

A

waxy cuticle
cell walls
layer of dead cells
bark

57
Q

chemical defenses of plants

A

produce toxins

58
Q

mechanical defenses of plants

A 
thorns
hairs
mimic other animals
leaves that drop
eggs
59
Q

steps of developing drugs

A

1) tested on human cells
2) test on live animals for efficacy and find the best dosage. It must be tested on two animals
3) tested on humans

  • first on healthy volunteers to see if it has any harmful effects at a low dose
  • people suffering to find optimum dose and the most effective with few side effects
  • one group placed on placebo to test placebo effect
  • some trials are blind and others double blind
  • peer review
60
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies made

A

1) fuse a mouse lymphocyte with a tumer cell to create a hybridoma
2) these get cloned to get lots of indentical cells
3) The antibodies are collected and purified

61
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell. All antibodies are identical and target one specific cell

62
Q

how does a pregnancy test work

A

1) HCG is found in the urine when they are pregnant
2) if you are pregnant the hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads,
the urine moves up the stick,
the beads and hormone bind to the antibodies turning it blue
3) if not pregnant theirs nothing to stick

63
Q

problems of monoclonal antibodies

A

more side effects so not as widely used

64
Q

how monoclonal antibodies treat disease

A

cancer cells have antigens on their membrane as tumour markers
cancer drug is attached to monoclonal antibodies and given to patient through drip
kills pathogen but not healthy cells

65
Q

three ways to find specific substances using monoclonal antibodies

A

1) bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure there levels
2) test blood samples for certain pathogens
3) locate specific molecules on a cell

66
Q

how are sustances found using monoclonal antibodies

A

1) monoclonal antibodies are bound to a dye

2) monoclonal antibodies attach to substance

Science Biology (9 decks)

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