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GCSE Biology > Inheritance Paper 2 > Flashcards

Inheritance Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of gene

A

Small section of DNA found in chromosomes
That codes for a specific sequence of amino acids to produce a specific protein

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2
Q

Definition of genome

A

Entire genetic material of an organism

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3
Q

3 Benefits of scientists understanding entire genome

A

1) we can search for genes linked to certain diseases e.g genes increasing the risk of developing cancer

2) helps to understand and treat inherited disorders e.g cystic fibrosis

3) we can trace human migration patterns from the past (helps people discover their ancestry)

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4
Q

DNA is a polymer made up of molecules called…

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

Nucleotides (the molecules that make up the DNA polymer) consist of what 3 things

A

Base
Sugar
Phosphate group

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6
Q

In the nucleotides of DNA which can change out of the sugar, base and phosphate group

A

Bases

There are 4 different bases
(Phosphate and sugar group never change)

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7
Q

How many DIFFERENT nucleotides does DNA contain

A

4
As there are 4 different types of bases

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8
Q

DNA strands are….so the same bases always pair on the opposite strand (A always pairs with T and C always pairs with G)

A

Complementary

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9
Q

All facts about structure of DNA

A

DNA is a polymer made up of molecules called nucleotides which forms a double helix
A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, sugar and base.
There are 4 different types of bases which is why there 4 different types of nucleotide
Strands of DNA are always complementary so A always pairs with T on the opposite strand and C always pairs with G on the opposite strand

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10
Q

What type of structure is a nucleotide

A

Molecule

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11
Q

What type of structure is a nucleotide

A

Molecule

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12
Q

What structures in a cell is DNA contained in

A

Chromosomes

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13
Q

Proteins are polymers of..,

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

What determines the shape of a protein

A

The specific order of amino acids

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15
Q

The specific order of amino acids determines the…of the protein

A

Shape

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16
Q

What determines the function of the protein

A

The shape of the protein
(Which is determined by the specific order of amino acids)

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17
Q

The shape of the protein determines what about the protein

A

Its function

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18
Q

What determines the specific order of amino acids in a protein (which then determines the shape and function of the protein)

A

Base sequence of a gene
(3 bases code for one amino acid)

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19
Q

How many bases code for one amino acid

A

3

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20
Q

A sequence of …. bases code for a particular…

A

3
Amino acid

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21
Q

The first stage of protein synthesis occurs in the…. and is called

A

Nucleus
Transcription

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22
Q

Name for first stage of protein synthesis

A

Transcription

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23
Q

Where does the first stage of protein synthesis occur (transcription)

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

What happens in transcription (first stage of protein synthesis)

A

1) base sequence of gene is copied into complementary template molecule (mRNA)
2) mRNA passes out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

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25
Q

Name for complementary template molecule in transcription (first stage of protein synthesis)

A

mRNA

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26
Q

Where does the mRNA (complementary template molecule) go once it’s left the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

How many strands is mRNA

A

1 strand (it’s a single stranded molecule)

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28
Q

How are amino acids brought to the ribosome during translation (2nd part of protein synthesis)

A

By carrier molecules (tRNA)

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29
Q

Carrier molecules bring what to the ribosome during translation

A

Amino acids

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30
Q

Whole process of translation (2nd stage of protein synthesis)

A

1) mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome
2) carrier molecules (tRNA) bring amino acids to the ribosome
3) ribosome reads triplets of bases on mRNA then joins the correct amino acids together in the correct order
4) when the protein chain is complete it folds up to form a specific shape which gives it a specific function

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31
Q

Where does translation occur (2nd part of protein synthesis)

A

Cytoplasm

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32
Q

Where does translation occur (2nd part of protein synthesis)

A

Cytoplasm

33
Q

Whole process of protein synthesis (including both transcription and translation)

A

1) in nucleus, base sequence of gene is copied onto mRNA (complementary template molecule)
2) mRNA moves out of nucleus to cytoplasm
3) mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome
4) carrier molecules (tRNA) bring amino acids to ribosome
5) ribosome reads triplets of bases on mRNA then joins the correct amino acids together in the correct order
6) once the protein chain is complete it folds up into a specific shape to give it a specific function

34
Q

What happens in protein synthesis once the carrier molecules (tRNA) have brought the amino acids to the ribosome

A

Ribosome reads the triplets of bases on the mRNA to join together correct amino acids in correct order to form protein chain

35
Q

In the first stage of protein synthesis the base sequence of the…is copied onto the…

A

Gene
mRNA

36
Q

Mutation meaning

A

Change to a base

37
Q

Name for change to a base in DNA

A

Mutation

38
Q

True or false, most mutations (change in base to DNA) effect the shape and therefore function of a protein

A

False
Most mutations do not change the protein’s shape as the same amino acid is still coded for so the order of amino acids stays the same so the shape of the protein doesn’t change so its function doesn’t change

39
Q

2 ways mutations may alter function of protein (although most of the time it has no effect as the same amino acid is coded for so the proteins shape stays the same so its function stays the same)

A

For enzymes it’s active site may change shape so it can no longer bind to the substrate
For structural proteins it may lose strength

40
Q

1 way mutations can alter the function of proteins is that structural proteins lose..

A

Strength

41
Q

1 way mutations can alter the function of proteins is that…proteins lose strength

A

Structural

42
Q

1 way mutations can alter the function of proteins is that the…..of the enzyme changes shape so it can no longer bind to the…

A

Active site
Substrate

43
Q

True or false, all parts of DNA code for proteins

A

False
There are also non- coding parts of DNA which don’t code for proteins

44
Q

Non coding parts of DNA do what to genes

A

Switch them on and off

45
Q

Mutations in non coding parts of DNA affect what

A

How genes are switched on and off

46
Q

Mutations in ….. affect how genes are switched on and off

A

Non coding parts of DNA
(As non coding parts of DNA switch genes on and off)

47
Q

In body cells all chromosomes come in pairs, one chromosome in each pair is from the…. and one chromosome in each pair is from the…

A

Mother
Father

48
Q

Definition of alleles

A

Versions of a gene

49
Q

How many copies of every gene do we have and why

A

2
One from our mother, one from our father

50
Q

Why do we have 2 copies of every gene

A

One from our mother
One from our father

51
Q

Genotype definition

A

Combination of alleles a person has
E.g Bb

52
Q

Homozygous definition

A

When an individual has 2 copies of the same allele for a trait e.g BB

53
Q

Homozygous definition

A

When an individual has 2 copies of the same allele for a trait e.g BB

54
Q

Phenotype definition

A

Physical characteristic caused by genotype e.g blue eyes is the phenotype caused by bb

55
Q

Heterozygous definition

A

Individual has 2 different alleles for a trait e.g Bb

56
Q

Heterozygous definition

A

Individual has 2 different alleles for a trait e.g Bb

57
Q

Dominant allele definition

A

Only one copy of the allele needed for the physical characteristic to be expressed

58
Q

How many genes are most characteristics controlled by

A

Lots of genes acting together
(Very rarely its just one gene on its own)

59
Q

True or false, each characteristic is normally only controlled by one gene

A

False
Each characteristic is controlled by lots of genes acting together
Very rarely a characteristic is controlled by only one gene

60
Q

2 key inherited disorders I need to know about

A

Cystic fibrosis
Polydactyly

61
Q

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder to do with…

A

Cell membranes

62
Q

How many genes is cystic fibrosis controlled by

A

One (a single gene)

63
Q

Is cystic fibrosis dominant or recsseive

A

Recessive (you must have 2 copies of the alleles for the defective cell membrane to have the disorder)

64
Q

All facts about cystic fibrosis

A

Inherited disorder
Disorder of the cell membranes
Caused by recessive allele

65
Q

Polydactyly is an inherited disorder where you have extra..l

A

Fingers or toes

66
Q

Is Polydactyly caused by a dominant or recessive allele

A

Dominant

67
Q

Facts about Polydactyly

A

Inherited disorder caused by dominant allele where you have extra fingers or toes

68
Q

What is embryo screening

A

Embryos tested to see if they have the alleles for inherited disorders

69
Q

Issues with embryonic screening (where embryos are tested to see if they have the alleles for inherited disorders)

A

Expensive
Many embryos are destroyed (unethical)

70
Q

What is gene therapy

A

Where scientist correct faulty alleles to treat inherited disorders

71
Q

Gene therapy is where scientists correct….to treat…

A

Faulty genes
Inherited disorders

72
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic variation
If environment changes, offspring may have survival advantage by natural selection

Slower than asexual reproduction
Requires more time and energy than asexual reproduction in order to find a mate

73
Q

2 advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic variation
If the environment changes, the offspring may have a survival advantage by natural selection

74
Q

One advantage of sexual reproduction is that if the environment changes…

A

the offspring may have a survival advantage by natural selection

75
Q

2 disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Slower than asexual reproduction
Requires more time and energy than asexual reproduction in order to find a mate

76
Q

4 Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Only one parent needed
More time and energy efficient than sexual reproduction as don’t need to find a mate
Faster than sexual reproduction
Many genetically identical offspring produced very quickly when conditions are favourable

77
Q

One advantage of asexual reproduction is that Many genetically identical offspring are produced quickly when conditions are…

A

Favourable

78
Q

2 Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

All offspring are identical so all offspring could die if conditions are unfavourable
Harmful mutations in parent would be passed down to all offspring

79
Q

One disadvantage of asexual reproduction is that harmful… in one parent would be passed down to all offspring

A

Mutations

GCSE Biology (21 decks)

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