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GCSE Biology > Homeostatis and Response (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Homeostatis and Response (Paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by homeostasis

A

Regulation of internal environment within cell/ organism to maintain optimum conditions for function (life)

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2
Q

What 3 main conditions must be controlled in homeostatis

A

Body temperature
Water levels
Blood glucose concentration

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3
Q

What 2 systems are used to control homeostasis

A

Nervous system
Endocrine system

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4
Q

3 main parts of control system

A

Receptor (detect change)
Coordination centre (interprets change and decides what needs to be done)
Effector (carry out change)

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5
Q

Part of control system that detects change

A

Receptor

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6
Q

Part of control system that interprets change/ decides what to do about the change

A

Coordination centre

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7
Q

Part of control system that carries out the change

A

Effector

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8
Q

2 types of effectors

A

Muscles/ glands

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9
Q

Negative feedback control system meaning and example of how it works

A

Where the automatic control system counteracts the change identified by receptors
E.g if temperature increases, it decreases the internal body temperature to keep it stable

E.g if you walk into a cold room, the receptors in our skin detect the low temperature, nervous system sends impulses to coordination centres which interpret the information, then signals are sent to the effectors e.g muscles which can shiver to overtime increase body temperature (skeletal muscles move and generate heat)

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10
Q

What is meant by Thermoregulation

A

Control of internal body temperature

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11
Q

Name for control of internal body temperature

A

Thermoregulation

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12
Q

Where are most receptors found in the body

A

Sense organs
E.g eye, skin, ear, nose wire etc

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13
Q

Name for process where muscles contract automatically to keep us warm

A

Shivering

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14
Q

What type of cell in the nervous system detects a change in the environment

A

Receptor

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15
Q

When body temperature is too… the blood vessels dilate

A

High

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16
Q

When body temperature is too…the blood vessels constrict

A

Low

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17
Q

What do blood vessels do when the body temperature is too high

A

Dilate

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18
Q

What do blood vessels do when body temperature is too low

A

Constrict

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19
Q

Dilate meaning

A

Become wider/ more open

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20
Q

Constrict meaning

A

Narrow/ restrict

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21
Q

Vasodilation meaning

A

When blood vessels dilate (open wider)

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22
Q

What causes vasodilation to occur

A

When body temperature is too high

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23
Q

What causes vasoconstriction to occur

A

When body temperature is too low

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24
Q

What centre in the brain controls and moniters body temperature

A

Thermoregulatory centre

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25
Q

Where in the body is the thermoregulatory centre located

A

Brain

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26
Q

What are the receptors found in the thermoregulatory centre sensitive to

A

Blood temperature

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27
Q

Main reason why our body temperature must be regulated to 37 degrees Celsius

A

Optimum temperature for enzymes to function
(below this temperature= lower rate of reaction)
(Above this temperature enzymes denature= lower rate of reaction then no reaction at all)

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28
Q

Which part of the brain is the thermoregulatory centre found in

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Why does constricting blood vessels (vasoconstriction) help increase body temperature

A

Blood vessels that that lie near surface of skin are constricted (narrowed)
Less blood flows near surface
Less heat energy lost to surroundings

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30
Q

4 things body does in response to a decrease in body temperature

A

-Blood vessels constrict (less heat energy lost to surroundings)
-Shivering (skeletal muscles automatically contract so more respiration is required which releases more energy as heat)
-Hairs on skin stand up (due to hair erector muscles contracting- more air is trapped so provides insulation and less heat is lost from skin)
-Sweat less

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31
Q

Do the erector muscles contract when there is an increase or decrease in body temperature

A

Decrease
(Makes hairs on skin stand up to insulate body as traps layer of air preventing heat loss to warm body back up and regulate body temperature)

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32
Q

What happens to the hairs on the skin when the erector muscles contract and relax

A

Contract- hairs stand up so traps heat (insulation)
Relax- hairs lie flat to prevent insulation and cool body down

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33
Q

How does blood vessel dilation help cool down body in response to increase in body temperature

A

More heat energy can be transferred to surroundings as lots of warm blood is passing close to skin surface

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34
Q

What 2 things does sweat consist of

A

Water and salt

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35
Q

How does sweat help cool us down

A

It is a mixture of water and salts released onto the surface of the skin
As it evaporates, it takes heat energy from our body away with it (as lots of energy is required to evaporate water)

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36
Q

Why does blood vessels dilating help decrease body temperature

A

More warm blood can pass through so more heat is lost through skin to surroundings

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37
Q

Function of nervous system

A

Enables humans to react to their surroundings and to coordinate their behaviour (includes both voluntary and involuntary actions)

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38
Q

True or false, the nervous system includes both voluntary and involuntary actions

A

True

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39
Q

2 parts of the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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40
Q

What type of actions don’t involve the conscious part of the brain

A

Reflex actions

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41
Q

What is a synapse

A

Gap between 2 neurones
(Allows impulses to cross)

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42
Q

Another word for short sightedness

A

Myopia

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43
Q

Another word for long sightedness

A

Hyperopia

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44
Q

Which out of myopia and hyperopia means short sightedness

A

Myopia
(Think myopia is the shorter word)

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45
Q

3 types of neuron

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

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46
Q

The brain is the… centre of the body

A

Control

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47
Q

What part of the body is the control centre of the body

A

Brain

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48
Q

Name for bony case surrounding the brain

A

Skull

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49
Q

What is the skull

A

Bony case that surrounds the brain

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50
Q

Below the brain are membranes called….

A

Meninges

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51
Q

What are meninges

A

Membranes below the skull that protect the brain

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52
Q

Name for outer crinkly layer of brain important for consciousness, intelligence, language and memory

A

Cerebral cortex

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53
Q

What 4 things is the cerebral cortex important for

A

Memory
Language
Intelligence
Consciousness

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54
Q

What is at the back of the brain and important for muscular activity and balance

A

Cerebellum

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55
Q

Role of cerebellum at back of brain

A

Muscular activity and balance

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56
Q

What part of the brain is the regulatory centre (including containing the Thermoregulatory centre)

A

Hypothalamus

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57
Q

What is at the base of the brain and important for involuntary actions like heart rate, gut movements and breathing

A

Medulla

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58
Q

Where about in the brain is the medulla

A

Base of brain

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59
Q

Role of medulla at base of brain

A

Involuntary activities (heart rate, gut movements, breathing…)

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60
Q

Part of brain responsible for involuntary actions like breathing

A

Medulla
(Found at base of brain)

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61
Q

What gland in the brain controls hormones

A

Pituitary gland

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62
Q

Role of pituitary gland in brain

A

Controls hormones

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63
Q

Definition of receptor

A

Groups of specialised cells that enable us to detect changes in the environment

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64
Q

Neuron definition

A

Specialised cells that conduct electrical impulses through the body

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65
Q

Nerve definition

A

Bundle of many nerve fibres (neurons) enclosed within a protective sheath

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66
Q

What does a sensory neuron connect

A

Receptor to coordination centre

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67
Q

The sensory neuron connects the… to the…

A

Receptor, Coordination centre

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68
Q

Type of neuron that connects receptor to coordination centre

A

Sensory

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69
Q

What does a motor neuron connect

A

Coordination centre to effector

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70
Q

The motor neuron connects the… to the…

A

Coordination centre, Effector

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71
Q

What does the relay neuron do

A

Create shortcut between sensory and motor neurons for our reflexes

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72
Q

Which type of neuron creates a shortcut between the sensory and motor neurons

A

Relay

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73
Q

Events in a reflex action

A

Receptor detects stimulus
Sensory neuron sends electrical impulses to relay neuron
Relay neuron connects sensory neuron to motor neuron
Motor neuron sends electrical impulses to effector

(Motor neurone takes away need to go past brain (coordination centre) I think

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74
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Rapid and automatic response of the nervous system that doesn’t involve conscious thought
(Doesn’t require brain)

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75
Q

Name for nerve pathway followed by a reflex action

A

Reflex arc

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76
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

Nerve pathway taken in a reflex action

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77
Q

Main purpose of reflex actions

A

Prevent injury (keep you out of danger)

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78
Q

What does CNS stand for

A

Central nervous system

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79
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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80
Q

True or false, neuron and neurone are the same thing

A

True!

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81
Q

How do the brain and spinal cord receive information about what’s happening in the rest of the body

A

Sensory neurones
(Sensory neurones go from receptor to brain/ spinal cord)

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82
Q

How does the CNS send impulses back out to the body (once it’s decided what to do with the information given to it by the sensory neurones)

A

Vía motor neurones

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83
Q

Name for cells found in nerves that carry information

A

Neurones

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84
Q

What coordinates the response to a stimulus

A

The brain

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85
Q

Three types of neurones that are part of the central nervous system

A

Relay
Motor
Sensory

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86
Q

True or false, each of the brain’s regions performs a different function

A

True

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87
Q

When light hits the eye what’s the first structure that it meets

A

Cornea

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88
Q

Why is the cornea transparent

A

Allows all light that hits it to completely pass through (the cornea is the first part of the eye that light hits)

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89
Q

True or false, the cornea has blood vessels

A

False
It has no blood vessels so that it is transparent and light can completely pass through (it’s the first part of the eye that light hits)

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90
Q

Why is the cornea transparent with no blood vessels

A

So that light can completely pass through (it’s the first part of the eye that light hits)

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91
Q

What does the cornea do to all the light that passes through it

A

Causes it to refract

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92
Q

The cornea causes all the light that passes through it to…

A

Refract

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93
Q

Part of eye that causes all light that passes through it to refract

A

Cornea

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94
Q

Role of cornea

A

Allows all light that passes through it to refract

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95
Q

Refraction meaning

A

When something changes direction when it meets a new medium (material)
(E.g light changes direction when it passes through the cornea of the eye)

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96
Q

Name for coloured part of eye

A

Iris

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97
Q

The iris controls how… the pupil is

A

Big or small

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98
Q

What part of the eye controls how big or small the pupil is

A

Iris

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99
Q

True or false, the pupil isn’t an actual structure of the eye

A

True
It’s a gap in the middle of the iris that allows light to pass through to the lens

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100
Q

Name for gap in middle of iris that allows light to pass through to lens

A

Pupil

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101
Q

True or false, both the role of the lens and cornea refract light

A

True

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102
Q

2 parts of eye that refract light

A

Cornea and lens

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103
Q

Both the cornea and lens refract light but which can change shape (gets thicker/ thinner)

A

Lens

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104
Q

Purpose of lens being able to change shape

A

Allows it to control how strongly it refracts the light to help focus near/ distant objects

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105
Q

What about the lens makes it able to control how strongly it refracts the light

A

It can change shape

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106
Q

The lens allows light to always focus on the…

A

Retina

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107
Q

Why is it good if the lens can change how strongly it refracts light (by changing shape)

A

Allows light to always focus on retina in order to focus both distant and nearby objects

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108
Q

How many different types of receptor cells is the retina made up of

A

2

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109
Q

Type of receptor cell sensitive to colour of light

A

Cone cell

110
Q

2 types of receptor cells found in retina

A

Cone and rod cells

111
Q

Role of rod cells

A

Only allow us to see in black and white

112
Q

Which type of light do cone cells not work well in

A

Dim light (when it’s dark which is why we also have rod cells)

113
Q

Type of receptor cell in retina that allows us to see in colour

A

Cone cell

114
Q

Type of receptor cell in retina that allows us to see in black and white

A

Rod cell

115
Q

Region of retina that only contains cone cells not rod cells

A

Fovea
(Where the lens mostly tries to focus light on so that we can see more clearly)

116
Q

The fovea only contains…cells not…cells

A

Cone, rod

117
Q

The optic nerve transmits…from receptor cells to brain

A

Impulses

118
Q

Part of eye that transmits impulses from receptor cells to brain

A

Optic nerve

119
Q

Role of optic nerve

A

Transmits impulses from receptor cells to brain

120
Q

Name of muscles on inside of iris that control size of pupil (to allow more/ less light to get through to retina)

A

Circular muscles

121
Q

Name of muscles on outside of iris

A

Radial muscles

122
Q

2 types of muscles that iris contains

A

Circular (inside)
Radial (outside)

123
Q

In bright light does the iris want to make the pupil smaller or wider

A

Smaller
(So that less light can get through to the retina)

124
Q

In dim light does the iris want to make the pupil smaller or wider

A

Wider
(So that more light can pass through to the retina)

125
Q

In what type of light do the circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax

A

Bright

126
Q

Where in the eye are the circular and radial muscles found

A

Iris

127
Q

What does the iris do in bright light to make the pupil constrict (narrow) so less light can pass through

A

Circular muscles (inside of iris) contract (which squeezes the pupil smaller)
Forces radial muscles (outside of iris) to relax

128
Q

What does the iris do in dim light (darkness) to allow the pupil to widen so that more light can pass through

A

Circular muscles (inside of iris) relax (allows pupil to widen)
Radial muscles forced to contract (are made shorter and force pupil open)

129
Q

Name for process that allows us to see both near and distant objects

A

Accommodation

130
Q

What 2 things control shape of the lens

A

Ciliary muscles
Suspensory ligaments

131
Q

Part of Retina that light needs to focus on

A

Fovea
(Part containing only cone cells to allow us to see in colour)

132
Q

Does light need to be refracted more strongly when focusing on nearbye or distant objects

A

Nearbye (as light comes in at more of an angle)

133
Q

To focus on a distant object do you need a thinner or fatter lens

A

Thinner lens
(As less refraction needed)

134
Q

To focus on a nearbye object do you need a thinner or fatter lens

A

Fatter
(As more refraction is needed)

135
Q

Role of ciliary muscles and sensory ligaments to focus on a distant object

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments pulled tight
Causes lens to become flatter and thinner

136
Q

Role of ciliary muscles and Suspensory ligaments to focus on nearbye object

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments slack
Lens more rounded and thicker/ fatter

137
Q

Part of eye where image is formed

A

Retina

138
Q

Unconditional reflex meaning

A

A reflex we are born with- doesn’t have to be learnt/ involve the brain

139
Q

Name for fluid in the front of the eye

A

Aqueous humour (provides nutrients to cornea and lens)

140
Q

Hormones are all produced by what

A

Glands

141
Q

What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

142
Q

Progesterone and oestrogen are produced by which gland

A

Ovaries

143
Q

What gland produces insulin

A

Pancreas

144
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce

A

Insulin

145
Q

What hormone do the testes produce

A

Testosterone

146
Q

What gland produces testosterone

A

Testes

147
Q

What gland produces adrenaline

A

Adrenal gland

148
Q

What hormone does the adrenal gland produce

A

Adrenaline

149
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Collection of glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood to be carried to a target organ where it has an effect

150
Q

The endocrine system is a collection of what

A

Glands

151
Q

What do the glands in the endocrine system secrete

A

Hormones

152
Q

In the endocrine system where are hormones directly secreted into

A

The blood

153
Q

Another word for chemical messengers

A

Hormones

154
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

155
Q

Which gland is the master gland

A

Pituitary gland

156
Q

Which organ is the pituitary organ located in

A

Brain

157
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located

A

Neck

158
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located

A

Top of kidneys

159
Q

Name for sugar found in blood

A

Glucose

160
Q

Name for storage carbohydrate that stores glucose and is found in the liver and muscles

A

Glycogen

161
Q

True or false, glucagon is a hormone

A

True

162
Q

Does the pancreas release insulin if there is an increase or decrease in blood glucose

A

Increase

163
Q

What happens when our blood glucose levels increase

A

Páncreas detects increase
Pancreas releases insulin
Glucose taken in by muscle and liver cells
Glucose converted to glycogen
Blood glucose levels return to normal

164
Q

What happens when our blood glucose levels decrease

A

Decrease detected by pancreas
Pancreas releases glucagon (hormone)
Stored glycogen converted back to glucose
Blood glucose levels return back to normal

165
Q

When does the pancreas release insulin vs glucagon

A

Insulin when increased blood glucose levels
Glucagon when decreased blood glucose levels

166
Q

2 things pancreas releases in response to increase/ decrease in blood glucose levels

A

Insulin (increase)
Glucagon (decrease)

167
Q

Which gland secretes ADH (anti- diuretic hormone)

A

Pituitary gland

168
Q

What might someone be suffering from if sugar is present in their urine

A

Uncontrolled diabetes

169
Q

Name for tough outer structure that protects the eye

A

Sclera

170
Q

The ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments are to do with the lens, the circular and radial muscles are to do with the what

A

Iris

171
Q

In which type of diabetes does the pancreas stop releasing insulin/ only does so in very small amounts

A

Type 1

172
Q

Which age group is type 1 diabetes more common in

A

Children/ younger people

173
Q

What does someone with type 1 diabetes have to inject into the self too stop their blood glucose levels becoming too high

A

Insulin
(As the pancreas doesn’t produce it/ produces an insufficient amount)

174
Q

Why do people with type 1 diabetes need to be careful with their diet

A

The more sugary foods they eat, the higher their blood glucose levels are
Their body doesn’t release insulin to bring down the blood glucose levels, instead they have to inject it

175
Q

Why is it important for someone with type 1 diabetes to do regular exercise

A

When we exercise our muscles absorb more glucose from the blood, automatically lowering our blood glucose levels (so they would need to inject less insulin to lower the blood glucose levels)

176
Q

Type of people type 2 diabetes is most common in

A

Older people
Have eaten unhealthy diet for long time

177
Q

What causes blood glucose levels to remain high in someone with type 2 diabetes

A

Person’s cells become resistant to insulin even though it’s still produced
So when insulin is released, less glucose is taken in by the cells

178
Q

Why are insulin injections only effective for someone with type 1 diabetes not type 2

A

In type 1, the pancreas doesn’t produce insulin so by injecting it it allows glucose to be converted to glycogen like normal to lower blood glucose levels

In type 2, the cells have become resistant to insulin so injecting more of it will do nothing as the body won’t respond as it should

179
Q

2 key ways to treat type 2 diabetes

A

Eat diet lower in carbs so that there is less blood glucose
Increase exercise (which causes more glucose to be stored by muscles, reducing blood glucose levels)

180
Q

Urea is made in the liver during which process

A

Deamination

181
Q

Type 1 diabetes symptoms

A

Tiredness (fatigue)
Thirst
Urinate lots
Weight loss
Blurred vision
Slow healing of wounds

182
Q

Thyroxine is produced by the thyroxine gland using what from the diet

A

Iodine

183
Q

Role of TSH

A

Controls basal metabolic rate in body

184
Q

What hormone stimulates the production of thyroxine as part of the negative feedback loop

A

TSH (thyroxine stimulating hormone)

185
Q

True or false, as TSH increases, thyroxine decreases and vice versa

A

True
This is to maintain optimum thyroxine levels to maintain basal metabolic rate

186
Q

What changes to your body does adrenaline cause

A

Increased heart and breathing rate
Glycogen converted to glucose for respiration
Pupils dilate to let in more light
Blood diverted from digestive system to muscles

187
Q

Main difference between 2 systems used to control homeostatis

A

Messages transmitted via electrical impulses (nervous system) vs hormones (endocrine system)

188
Q

2 main poisonous waste products

A

Carbon dioxide
Urea

189
Q

2 ways urea is produced

A

Eating excess protein
Worn out tissues

190
Q

What is deamination

A

Where the liver removes the amino group from the amino acids

191
Q

Deamination is where the liver removes what

A

The amino group from the amino acid

192
Q

Why does Deamination occur

A

When you eat excess protein so urea is produced (initially ammonia is produced but ammonia is then converted to urea)- your body can’t store excess protein so it needs to be broken down (which happens in deamination where the liver removes the amino group from amino acids)

193
Q

What process forms ammonia

A

Deamination (liver removing amino group from amino acid)

194
Q

What is formed from deamination that’s toxic

A

Ammonia

195
Q

True or false, ammonia is toxic

A

True

196
Q

What is ammonia converted into that’s excreted from the body in urine

A

Urea

197
Q

Which out of ammonia and urea can your body excrete safely

A

Urea
When ammonia is formed from Deamination (removing amino group from amino acid as excess protein can’t be stored so has to be broken down) it’s immediately converted into urea

198
Q

If water concentration is too low will more or less ADH be released and what will be the consequence of this

A

Water concentration too low= more ADH released= kidney tubules re absorb more water= little urine produces= water concentrations in blood returns to normal

199
Q

If water concentration is too high will more or less ADH be produced and what will be the consequence of this

A

Water concentration too high= less ADH released = kidney tubules reabsorb less water= more urine produced= water concentration in blood returns to normal

200
Q

What produces urine

A

The kidneys

201
Q

What 3 things does urine contain

A

Urea
Excess water
Excess Mineral ions

202
Q

Where is urea made

A

Liver
(From deamination which produces ammonia but ammonia is immediately converted to urea)

203
Q

What makes urine yellow

A

Urobilins

204
Q

What from the breakdown of Haemoglobin makes urine yellow

A

Urobilins

205
Q

What is Urobilins

A

What makes urine yellow
(Formed from breakdown of Haemoglobin)

206
Q

Is more ADH released if water concentrations are too high or too low

A

Too low
(As more ADH means more water reabsorbed)

207
Q

If more ADH is released is more or less urine produced by the kidneys

A

Less urine produced
(As more ADH is produced when water concentrations are too low- to increase the water concentration means keeping more water in the body and therefore losing less so less urine)

208
Q

If less ADH is produced does that mean more or less urine is produced by the kidneys

A

More urine
(Less ADH is as a result of too high water concentration meaning more water needs to be removed from body so more urine is produced)

209
Q

Which organ filters our blood

A

Kidneys

210
Q

Apart from being lost through urine, what are 2 other ways water is lots from our body

A

Sweat
Lungs when we breathe out (water vapour)

211
Q

Name for structures inside kidneys (there are around a million of them) that reabsorb more/ less water to help regulate water concentration in blood

A

Tubules

212
Q

As blood passes through the kidneys, the tubules absorb small molecules like…(process is called filtration)

A

Glucose, water, urea, amino acids
(Not proteins as they’re too big)

213
Q

What is meant by selective reabsorbtion

A

When blood passes through kidneys, the tubules absorb all small molecules like water, urea, glucose and amino acids (not protein as too big) then anything we want to keep is absorbed back into the blood including all glucose, some water and no urea

214
Q

Name for process where when blood passes through kidneys, all small molecules like water, glucose, urea and amino acids are absorbed into the tubules

A

Filtration

215
Q

Name for process where after blood passes through kidneys and all small molecules have been absorbed into tubules (urea, amino acids, water and glucose), some of these things are then reabsorbed back into the blood e.g all glucose but only some water

A

Selective re absorption

216
Q

2 ways ions can be removed from the body

A

Sweating
Kidneys

217
Q

Does ADH increase or decrease the concentration of water in our blood

A

Increase

218
Q

Which artery brings blood containing urea, mineral ions, water and other substances in solution to the kidneys

A

Renal artery

219
Q

Blood passes into the kidneys through the… and out through the…

A

Renal artery, renal vein

220
Q

Does the renal artery or renal vein bring blood into the kidneys

A

Artery
Renal vein takes blood away from the kidneys

221
Q

Where does urine travel down from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

222
Q

Structure that carries urine from the bladder out of the body

A

Uretha

223
Q

Which comes first, urethra or ureters

A

Ureters (carry urine from kidneys to bladder)
Urethra then carries urine from bladder out of the body

224
Q

Term for when someone’s kidneys stop working

A

Kidney failure

225
Q

Term for when someone’s kidneys stop working

A

Kidney failure

226
Q

2 treatments for kidney failure

A

Dialysis
Kidney transplant

227
Q

In dialysis, the patient’s blood passes through a what

A

Dialysis fluid

228
Q

The dialysis fluid must have what type of membrane

A

Semi- permeable

229
Q

Why must the dialysis fluid have a semi permeable membrane

A

Allow small molecules like ions to diffuse out of patients blood

230
Q

True or false, dialysis fluid contains urea

A

False

231
Q

Why must dialysis fluid be constantly replaced

A

So that there’s always a concentration gradient so that unwanted substances can keep diffusing out of the patient’s blood and into the dialysis fluid

232
Q

Rejection meaning in transplant

A

The donated organ is attacked by the patient’s own immune system as it’s seen as being ‘foreign’

233
Q

Why doesn’t ‘fresh’ dialysis fluid contain urea

A

It contains the ideal concentration of each substance in the blood (and ideally there’s no urea in filtered blood)

234
Q

True or false, dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of useful substances as healthy blood

A

True
E.g it doesn’t contain urea

235
Q

True or false, dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of useful substances as healthy blood

A

True
E.g it doesn’t contain urea

236
Q

For a dialysis how many times a week must the patient go to hospital

A

3 times a week

237
Q

Which out of a kidney transplant and dialysis has a risk of infection

A

Both

238
Q

Which is more expensive in the long term kidney transplant or dialysis

A

Dialysis

239
Q

True or false, for dialysis you have to go to hospital 3 times a week for the rest of your life

A

True

240
Q

4 key disadvantages of dialysis

A

Must go to hospital 3 times a week for the rest of your life (time consuming)
Very expensive in long term
Risk of infection
No working kidney

241
Q

5 key disadvantages of kidney transplant

A

Can be rejected by body
Risk of infection
Must take immunosuppressant drugs- can cause weaker immune system so more susceptible to other diseases
Not always donor available
Limited transplant lifespan of around 10 years

242
Q

Why can kidney donors be both dead or alive

A

We only need 1 working kidney each

243
Q

2 biological reasons most doctors think kidney transplant is a better treatment method to dialysis

A

Skin not repeatedly punctured
Lower risk of infection

244
Q

What is puberty

A

A period in which adolescents start to develop secondary sex characteristics e.g facial hair and breasts and is triggered by reproductive hormones

245
Q

What hormones trigger puberty

A

Reproductive hormones (mainly oestrogen is girls and testosterone in boys)

246
Q

4 key hormones involved in menstrual cycle

A

FSH
LH
Oestrogen
Progesterone

247
Q

Average length of menstrual cycle

A

28 days

248
Q

Facts about stage 1 of menstrual cycle

A

Usually lasts 4 days
Period of menstruation (bleeding) due to break down of uterus lining (so thickness of uterus lining decreases)

249
Q

Facts about stage 2 of menstrual cycle

A

Uterus lining starts to build up again
Lasts around 10 days up to day 14
Is preparing uterus lining for fertilised egg (by making it thicker) (as fertilised egg implants into uterus lining)

250
Q

Facts about stage 3 of menstrual cycle

A

Day 14
Ovulation
Occurs in one single day
Egg is released from one of the ovaries

251
Q

3 roles of oestrogen

A

Causes lining of uterus wall to thicken
Stimulates release of LH
Inhibits (stops) release of FSH

252
Q

2 key roles of progesterone in menstrual cycle

A

Maintains thick uterus lining
Inhibits (stops) release of FSH and LH

253
Q

Role of LH in menstrual cycle

A

Stimulates release of mature eggs from ovaries on day 14 (ovulation)

254
Q

2 roles of FSH in menstrual cycle

A

Causes egg to mature in ovaries
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

255
Q

Facts about stage 4 of menstrual cycle

A

Day 14-28
Involves maintaining lining of uterus

256
Q

How level of oestrogen changes throughout menstrual cycle

A

Increases in stage 2 as is responsible for causing lining of uterus wall to thicken
Decreases in stage 3 once the lining has thickened as it no longer needs to thicken any more

257
Q

How level of progesterone changes throughout menstrual cycle

A

Increases in stage 4 as responsible for maintaining the lining of the uterus
(When progesterone levels drop the uterus lining starts to break down so the cycle restarts)

258
Q

Phototropism vs geotropism in plants

A

Phototropism = response to light
Geotropism = response to gravity

259
Q

Do auxins accumulate on the shaded side or sunny side of the plant (in phototropism)

A

Shaded

260
Q

Meaning of plant shoots being positively phototropic

A

They grow towards the light

261
Q

Meaning of plant roots being negatively phototropic

A

They grow away from light

262
Q

Main plant hormone

A

Auxin

263
Q

Roots being positively geotropic meaning

A

Grow downwards towards gravity

264
Q

Shoots being negatively geotropic meaning

A

Grow upwards (against gravity)

265
Q

Difference between how stem and roots respond to auxins

A

Shoots- auxin means more growth
Roots- auxin means less growth

266
Q

3 uses of Gibberellins

A

End seed dormancy
Promote flowering
Increase fruit size

267
Q

Use of ethene in plants

A

Control ripening of fruit during transport and storage

268
Q

3 uses of auxins in plants (apart from phototropism and geotropism)

A

Weed killer
Rooting powder
Promote growth in tissue cultures

269
Q

Part of plant auxins are produced in

A

Tips of stems and roots

270
Q

Do auxins accumulate on the upper side or lower side of the plant (when it’s horizontal e.g for geotropism)

A

Lower side

271
Q

How do auxins travel through plant

A

Diffusion
(From tips of roots/ shoots where they’re produced)

GCSE Biology (21 decks)

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