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GCSE Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

3 ways pathogens can spread

A

Air
Water
Direct contact

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2
Q

How do bacteria make you ill

A

Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins and poisons that damage tissues

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3
Q

How do viruses make you ill

A

Damage or destroy cells

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4
Q

Ways of identifying plant disease

A

Gardening manuals and websites
Laboratory testing of infected plants
Testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies

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5
Q

3 types of plant defence

A

Physical
Chemical
Mechanical

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6
Q

Examples of physical plant defences

A

Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
Bark on trees

Bark- cellulose- waxy cuticle

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7
Q

Examples of chemical plant defences

A

Many plants produce antibacterial chemicals
Produce poison to stop animals eating plants

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8
Q

Example of mechanical plant defences

A

Thorns and hairs (stop animals eating plant)
Leaves that droop/ curl when touched (scare herbivores/ dislodge insects)
Some plants mimic appearance of unhealthy/ poisonous plant (deters insects and herbivores)

Hair- mimic- curl

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9
Q

True or false, some plant diseases can be directly caused by insects

A

True (e.g by aphids)

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10
Q

Why are aphids bad for plants

A

Suck sap from plant stems causing reduced growth rate, wilting, discolouration of leaves

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11
Q

What can be used to control aphid infestations on plants

A

Ladybirds- they eat the aphids

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12
Q

True or false, both bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly inside body

A

True

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13
Q

Which is bigger, bacteria or viruses

A

Bacteria
(Think b- bacteria= bigger)

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14
Q

Which out of bacteria and viruses can be treated with antibiotics

A

Bacteria
Not viruses

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15
Q

2 key plant diseases

A

Tobacco mosaic virus
Rose black spot

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16
Q

What type of pathogen is rose black spot caused by

A

Fungus

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17
Q

How can diseases spread by air

A

Droplets of pathogen go into air when you cough/ sneeze
(Prevent by covering mouth when sneezing/ coughing, sneezing into elbow, wearing face mask)

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18
Q

2 ways disease can spread by direct contact

A

Skin
Bodily fluids
(Prevented by wearing condoms/ not sharing needles)

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19
Q

Symptoms of measles (viral disease)

A

Fever
Red skin rash
Blindness
Brain damage

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20
Q

Effects of HIV

A

Mild flu
Damage to immune system (more vulnerable to other diseases)

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21
Q

Gonorrhoea symptoms

A

Pain whilst urinating
Green/ yellow discharge

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22
Q

How can gonorrhoea be treated

A

Antibiotics

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23
Q

How is rose black spot spread (fungal disease in plants)

A

Water and wind

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24
Q

How is tobacco mosaic virus spread

A

Direct contact of plants with infected plants
Animal and plant vectors
Soil (pathogen can remain in soil for very long time)

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25
Q

Symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus on plants

A

Mosaic pattern (discolouration of leaves where chloroplasts have been destroyed)
Poor growth

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26
Q

Why can tobacco mosaic virus lead to poor plant growth

A

Destroys chlorophyll (causing discolouration of leaves)
So sunlight cannot be absorbed so reduces plants ability to photosynthesise

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27
Q

Symptoms of plants with rose black spot

A

Purple/ black spots on leaves which turn yellow and drop early
Poor growth

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28
Q

How rose black spot can be prevented/ treated

A

Fungicides
Affected leaves removed and destroyed

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29
Q

How farmers help stop spread of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Grow TMV resistant strains of crops
(Because otherwise TMV can seriously reduce yield of crop)

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30
Q

What is a vaccine

A

Small amount of dead/ weakened pathogen

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31
Q

What is herd immunity

A

Large proportion of population are immune to a disease
(Reduces spread of disease and disease can even disappear altogether)

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32
Q

2 types of white blood cell

A

Lymphocytes
Phagocytes

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33
Q

Which type of white blood cell produces antitoxins and antibodies

A

Lymphocytes

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34
Q

What do antibodies bind to on the pathogen in order to destroy it

A

Antigen

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35
Q

What do antitoxins attach to that’s released from the pathogen

A

Toxins
(The antitoxin then neutralises it)

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36
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

When white blood cells (phagocytes) ingest pathogens and destroy them

37
Q

Describe vaccination process

A

Vaccination contains dead/ weakened pathogen
Vaccine injected into patient
White blood cells (lymphocytes) make antibodies to fit on the antigens on the surface of the virus and destroy it
Next time the virus enters your body, your white blood cells recognise it and respond quickly (produce correct antibodies)
You destroy the virus quickly and become immune

38
Q

What do painkillers do to symptoms

A

Relieve them

39
Q

2 limitations of antibiotics

A

Cannot kill viral pathogens
Bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics

40
Q

How skin helps defend human body from pathogens

A

Forms outer protective barrier
Produces antimicrobial secretions (chemicals) to destroy bacteria
Microorganisms living on skin prevent pathogens growing

41
Q

What does the skin produce as part of the human defence response

A

Antimicrobial secretions
(Can kill pathogens/ prevent them from spreading)

42
Q

What does the stomach contain for a human defence response

A

Hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens caught in mucus from airways/ consumed by food or water
(Chemical barrier)

43
Q

What does the trachea secrete that taps pathogens

A

Mucus

44
Q

What do cilia do once mucus has trapped pathogens in the trachea/ bronchi to stop them from entering the lungs

A

Move the pathogens back up to throat to be swallowed (and then killed by hydrochloric acid in stomach)

45
Q

What were drugs originally extracted from and give an example

A

Plants and microorganisms
E.g Digitalis (heart drug) from foxglove plant and aspirin from willow trees

46
Q

What drug originates from foxglove plants

A

Digitalis (heart drug)

47
Q

What painkiller originates from willow trees

A

Aspirin

48
Q

What is meant by a double blind trial

A

Neither the doctors nor patients know who has been give the real drug and who has been given the placebo
(Reduces biases in trial)

49
Q

What is a placebo

A

A dummy drug

50
Q

What 3 things are drugs tested and trialled for

A

Toxicity (is it harmful)
Efficacy (does it work)
Dose (amount safe and effective to give)

51
Q

Process of drug trials

A

1) pre-clinical: computer stimulation, tested on cells/ tissues, tested on animals
2) clinical trials: drug trialled at very low dose on healthy volunteers
3) if safe, larger number of healthy volunteers+ patients receive drug
4) peer review

52
Q

How can malaria be treated/ reduce spread

A

Mosquito nets, mosquito spray, anti malarial medicine, prevent mosquitos breeding

53
Q

How does malaria spread

A

Mosquitos

54
Q

How do the trachea/ bronchi stop pathogens entering body

A

Trachea secretes mucus which traps pathogens
Cilia move mucus back up throat to be swallowed

55
Q

What is a vector

A

Organism (e.g ticks biting insect) that passes a disease/ parasite from plant to plant/ animal to animal

56
Q

What is an antigen

A

Marker on pathogen that antibody binds to

57
Q

What is preclinical testing

A

Any stage of drug testing before it involves people
Includes computer stimulation, testing on cells/ tissues and live animals

58
Q

True or false, malaria is a communicable disease

A

True, it is caused by a pathogen (protist)

59
Q

What do mosquitos breed in

A

Still water

60
Q

Does the protist causing malaria reproduce sexually or asexually in humans

A

Asexually
(However it reproduces sexually in mosquitos)

61
Q

Does the protist causing malaria reproduce sexually or asexually in mosquitos

A

Sexually
(But asexually in humans)

62
Q

What does the female mosquito need before she can lay her eggs

A

Meals of human blood (at this stage the protist causing malaria is passed into the human blood)

63
Q

How is the protist causing malaria carried around the body

A

Circulatory system

64
Q

What does the protist causing malaria first infect once inside human body

A

Liver

65
Q

What does protist causing malaria infect after the liver once inside human body

A

Red blood cells
It destroys the red blood cells by bursting out of them causing shaking/ fevers

66
Q

First symptoms of malaria

A

Shaking/ fever
(Caused by malaria bursting out of red blood cells and destroying them)

67
Q

Apart from a weakened immune system, what’s another symptom/ effect of HIV

A

Mild flu

68
Q

Main ways to stop diseases from spreading

A

Hygiene (wash hands, clean surfaces…)
Kill vector
Vaccinations
Isolate (usually as a last resort only for really serious diseases)

69
Q

How are new strains of pathogens developed which become resistant to antibiotics

A

When pathogens mutate

70
Q

3 ways HIV can spread between people

A

Blood
Sexual intercourse
Contaminated needles

71
Q

How does a virus spread within the body

A

1) infects suitable host cell through the blood/ body opening
2) replicates itself many times-copies its genetic material and protein coat
3) causes host cell to burst releasing many copies of the virus
4)other cells can then be affected

72
Q

True or false, viruses can reach cells through the blood/ body openings

A

True

73
Q

What does the virus do once it’s infected a host (original) cell

A

Replicates itself many times
(Copies genetic material and protein coat)

74
Q

What happens after the virus has replicated itself many times in the host cell

A

Causes the cell to burst releasing lots of copies of the virus

75
Q

What happens after many copies of the virus have been released from the host cell

A

Other cells can be infected then the viruses replicate, burst and go on to infect even more cells

76
Q

True or false, vaccines can work for both bacteria and viruses

A

True

77
Q

3 Consequences on plant of aphids sucking cell sap out of them

A

Discolouration of leaves
Wilting
Reduced growth rate

78
Q

Last stage of drug trial

A

Peer review

79
Q

What is magnesium needed for in plants

A

Production of chlorophyll

80
Q

2 symptoms of magnesium deficiency in plants

A

Stunted growth
Yellow leaves
(From lack of chlorophyll being produced)

81
Q

How does the hybridoma cell divide to make a large number of identical cells (clone)

A

Mitosis

82
Q

How is a hybridoma cell formed from the tumour cell and lymphocyte

A

They’re combined together

83
Q

What hormone do pregnant women excrete (excreted in their urine)

A

HCG

84
Q

Pregnant women produce the hormone HCG which is excreted in their…

A

Urine

85
Q

Stages of pregnancy test using antibodies

A

Urine applied to end of the stick which contains monoclonal antibodies that bind to HCG and are attached to a dye
If HCG is present the monoclonal antibodies bind to the antigens causing a line to appear (pregnancy result is positive)
Second line appears in control zone showing test is valid

86
Q

Difference in 2 lines formed in pregnancy test using antibodies

A

First line- test is positive
Second line (in control zone)- test is valid

87
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used for cancer treatment and diagnosis

A

Monoclonal antibodies that bind to antigens on cancerous cells are injected into the body
Monoclonal antibodies will bind to cancer cells and clump them together
Makes it easier to identify cancerous tumour which can then be removed

88
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to identify diseases

A

Monoclonal antibodies attached to fluorescent dye

GCSE Biology (21 decks)

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